The role of endorphins in stress: Evidence and speculations

Amir, Shimon; Brown, Zavie W.; Amit, Zalman

doi:10.1016/0149-7634(80)90027-5

Cited by 351Neuropeptides and Animal PhysiologyStress Responses and CortisolNeuroendocrine regulation and behavior

The role of endorphins in stress: Evidence and speculations

Amir, Shimon, Brown, Zavie W., Amit, Zalman·1980·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/0149-7634(80)90027-5

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Abstract

Several lines of evidence suggest that the endogenous opioid peptides endorphins may play a role in the defensive response of the organism to stress. The present paper summarizes these findings as well as evidence linking endorphins to the anterior pituitary polypeptide hormone adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). Evidence is presented that endorphins may function as trophic hormones in peripheral target organs such as the adrenal medulla and the pancreas. As such they may be part of the physiological mechanisms that mediate adrenaline and glucagon release in response to stress. Endorphins (enkephalins) are also suggested to play a role in the control of the pituitary gland during stress. In such capacity they may act as hormone-releasing or inhibiting factors. Finally, endorphins appear to play a role in the behavioral concomitants of stress. In such capacity endorphins are suggested to function as modulators of neural systems that mediate the elaboration and expression of the reactive/affective components of stress. Speculations on the mode of interaction between endorphins and ACTH in the global response to stress are discussed.

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Self-assembly and catalytic activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli
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Enkephalin: A potential modulator of noradrenaline release in rat brain
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Naloxone inhibition of stress-induced increase in prolactin secretion
Vugt, D. A. V., Bruni, J. F., & Meites, J. (1978) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(78)90415-0 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Enkephalin-stimulated prolactin release
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Enkephalin and opiate narcotics increase cyclic GMP accumulation in slices of rat neostriatum
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MEASUREMENT OF β-ENDORPHIN IN HUMAN PLASMA
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Indication of an Antipsychotic Action of the Opiate Antagonist Naloxone
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Enhanced analgesic effects of morphine after chronic administration of naloxone in the rat
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Naloxone in Chronic Schizophrenia
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Immunohistochemical Localization of Adrenocorticotropin in the Rat Brain
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THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE, DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE, AND ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE UPON THE RESPONSES OF ANIMALS TO ANALGESIC DRUGS
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Diurnal differences in opioid peptide levels correlated with nociceptive sensitivity
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B-ETA-Endorphin immunoreactivity in rat and human blood: radioimmunoassay, comparative levels and physiological alterations.
Akil, H., Watson, S., Barchas, J., & Li, C.-H. (1979) · Life Science · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(79)90250-9 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The Story of the Adaptation Syndrome
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Characterization of pro-opiocortin, a precursor to opioid peptides and corticotropin.
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Biosynthesis in vitro of immunoreactive 31,000-dalton corticotropin/β-endorphin-like material by bovine hypothalamus
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Lack of effect on naloxone on schizophrenic symptoms
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Naloxone reversal of morphine analgesia but failure to alter reactivity to pain in the formalin test
North, M. A. (1978) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(78)90136-4 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Naloxone (Narcan�) treatment in depression: Clinical observations and effects on CSF endorphins and monoamine metabolites
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Effect of stimulation on the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, and catecholamines in intact and denervated rat adrenal glands.
Patrick, R. L., & Kirshner, N. (1971) · PubMed · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Concomitant storage of ACTH- and endorphin-like immunoreactivity in the secretory granules of anterior pituitary corticotrophs.
Weber, E., Voigt, K., & Martin, R. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90047-1 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Some Observations on the Opiate Peptides and Schizophrenia
Watson, S. J. (1979) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1979.01780010041004 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Pancreatic glucagon cells contain endorphin-like immunoreactivity
Grube, D., Voigt, K. H., & Weber, E. (1978) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/bf00506480 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Enkephalin effects on release of brain acetylcholine
Jhamandas, K. H., Sawynok, J., & Sutak, M. (1977) · Nature · doi:10.1038/269433a0 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Foot shock induced stress decreases LEU5-enkephalin immunoreactivity in rat hypothalamus
Rossier, J., Guillemin, R., & Bloom, F. E. (1978) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(78)90178-4 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Morphine and naloxone: Effects on conditioned near as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm
Davis, M. (1979) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(79)90063-3 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
ACTH-like neurotropic peptides: possible regulators of rat brain cyclic AMP
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How ACTH acts on the brain
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Antagonism Between Morphine and the Polypeptides ACTH, ACTH1–24, and β-MSH in the Nervous System
Zimmermann, E., & Krivoy, W. A. (1973) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64094-7 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Modulation of in vitro release of beta-endorphin from the separate lobes of the rat pituitary.
Przewłocki, R., Höllt, V., Voigt, K., & Herz, A. (1979) · Life Science · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(79)90022-5 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Infundibular neurons of the human hypothalamus simultaneously reactive with antisera against endorphins, ACTH, MSH and ?-LPH
Bugnon, C., Bloch, B., Lenys, D., et al. (1979) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00236130 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
ACTH-like peptides and morphine: interaction at the level of the CNS
Wiegant, V. M., Gispen, W. H., Terenius, L. Y., & de Wied, D. (1977) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(77)90033-6 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Endorphins may function in heat adaptation.
Holaday, J. W., Wei, E. T., Loh, H. H., et al. (1978) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.75.6.2923 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
β-Endorphin in human plasma: Basal and pathologically elevated levels
Höllt, V., Müller, O., & Fahlbusch, R. (1979) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(79)90487-9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
C.S.F. β-ENDORPHIN IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
Domschke, W., Dickschas, A., & Mitznegg, P. (1979) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(79)92769-7 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Human plasma immunoreactive β-lipotropin: Correlation with basal and stimulated plasma ACTH concentrations
Krieger, D. T., Liotta, A. S., & Li, C. H. (1977) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(77)90157-6 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
THE EFFECTS OF OPIATE RECEPTOR AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS ON THE STRESS‐INDUCED SECRETION OF CORTICOSTERONE IN MICE
Gibson, A., Ginsburg, M., Hall, M., & Hart, S. (1979) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1979.tb17342.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Plasma beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in schizophrenia.
Ross, M., Berger, P. A., & Goldstein, A. (1979) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.472735 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Failure of hypophysectomy to alter brain content of opioid peptides (endorphins)
Cheung, A. L., & Goldstein, A. (1976) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(76)90291-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Brain enkephalin distribution is unaltered by hypophysectomy.
Kobayashi, R. M., Palkovits, M., Miller, R. J., Chang, K.-J., & Cuatrecasas, P. (1978) · Life Science · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(78)90434-4 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Autoanalgesia: Behaviorally activated antinociception
Chance, W. T., White, A. C., Krynock, G. M., et al. (1977) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(77)90076-0 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The treatment of perceptual disturbances in schizophrenia with naloxone hydrochloride
Kurland, A. A., McCabe, O. L., Hanlon, T. E., et al. (1977) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.134.12.1408 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
beta-Endorphin and naloxone in psychiatric patients: clinical and biological effects
Lehmann, H., Nair, N. P., & Kline, N. S. (1979) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.136.6.762 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Failure of naloxone to influence physiological growth hormone and prolactin secretion
Martin, J. B., Tolis, G., Woods, I., et al. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90142-2 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Stress masks the hypothermic effect of naloxone in rats.
Stewart, J., & Eikelboom, R. (1979) · Life Science · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(79)90139-5 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Adrenocorticotropin and Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone in the Brain*
ORWOLL, E. S., Kendall, J. W., LAMORENA, L., et al. (1979) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-104-6-1845 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Localization and possible function of peptidergic neurons and their interactions with central catecholamine neurons, and the central actions of gut hormones.
Fuxé, K., Andersson, K., Hökfelt, T. G. M., et al. (1979) · PubMed · Cited by 67 · see citing works
EFFECT OF HISTAMINE, BRADYKININ AND MORPHINE ON ADRENALINE RELEASE FROM RAT ADRENAL GLAND
Yoshizaki, T. (1973) · The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1254/jjp.23.695 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Stress induced grooming in the rat — An endorphin mediated syndrome
Katz, R. J., & Roth, K. A. (1979) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(79)90043-0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
beta-Endorphin stimulates corticosterone synthesis in isolated rat adrenal cells.
Shanker, G., & Sharma, R. (1979) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(79)90373-5 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Effects of Opiate Agonist and Antagonist on Serum Prolactin in Primates: Possible Role for Endorphins in Prolactin Regulation*
Gold, M. S., Redmond, D. E., & DONABEDIAN, R. K. (1979) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-105-1-284 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Effects of ACTH-Like Neuropeptides on Animal Behavior and Man
Bohus, B. (2008) · Pharmacology · doi:10.1159/000137239 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
NALOXONE LOWERS PLASMA-PROLACTIN IN MAN
Rubin, P. C., Swezey, S. E., & Blaschke, T. F. (1979) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(79)92248-7 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Experimental Alterations of Endorphin Levels in Rat Pituitary
Baizman, E. R., Cox, B. M., Osman, O. H., et al. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000122889 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Increase of hippocampal acetylcholine turnover rate and the stretching-yawning syndrome elicited by alpha-MSH and ACTH
Wood, P. L., Malthe‐Sørenssen, D., Cheney, D. L., & Costa, E. (1978) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(78)90490-3 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Endogenous opiates and behavioral responses to environmental novelty
Katz, R. J., & Gelbart, J. (1978) · Behavioral Biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6773(79)90197-4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The effect of acute and chronic naloxone administration on motor activation in the rat.
Amir, S., Solomon, M., & Amit, Z. (1979) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(79)90058-3 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effect of Stress, Adrenocorticotropin or Corticosteroid Treatment, Adrenalectomy, or Hypophysectomy on Hypothalamic Immunoreactive Adrenocorticotropin Concentrations*
Krieger, D. T., Liotta, A. S., Hauser, H., et al. (1979) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-105-3-737 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Inhibition of acetylcholine turnover in rat hippocampus by intraseptal injections of ?-endorphin and morphine
Moroni, F., Cheney, D. L., & Costa, E. (1977) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00498556 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The role of endorphins in animal learning and behavior
Riley, A. L., Zellner, D. A., & Duncan, H. J. (1980) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(80)90026-3 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Differential effects of hypophysectomy upon analgesia induced by two glucoprivic stressors and morphine.
Bodnar, R., Kelly, D., Mansour, A., & Murray, G. (1979) · Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(79)90139-4 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Lipotropin and the Central Nervous System
Gispen, W. H., van Ree, J. M., & de Wied, D. (1977) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60654-6 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Opiate receptor binding in rhesus monkey brain: association with limbic structures
LaMotte, C. C., Snowman, A. M., Pert, C. B., et al. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)91033-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Stereospecific Opiate Binding in Bovine Adrenal Medulla
Chavkin, C., Cox, B. M., & Goldstein, A. (1979) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0026-895x(25)11369-2 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
SPECIFIC RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF HUMAN β-ENDORPHIN IN UNEXTRACTED PLASMA.*
Wiedemann, E., Saito, T., Linfoot, J. A., et al. (1979) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-49-3-478 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Stress-induced analgesia: Adaptation following chronic cold water swims
Bodnar, R. J., Kelly, D. D., Spiaggia, A., et al. (1978) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03336847 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Peptides and Psychoneuroendocrinology
Nemeroff, C. B. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770320093009 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Estimation of Corticotropin-Releasing Activity of Rat Hypothalamus and Neurohypophysis Before and After Stress1
Vernikos-Danellis, J., & Girkins, J. H. (1964) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-75-4-514 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Psychiatric Aspects of Pain
Rangell, L. (1953) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-195301000-00003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Naloxone enhancement of acetic acid-induced writhing in rats
Nokka, N., & Fairhurst, A. S. (1977) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(77)90264-8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Opioid antagonist, endogenous ligands and nociception
Jacob, J., & Ramabadran, K. (1977) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(77)90235-7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Naloxone effects on a nociceptive response of hypophysectomized and adrenalectomized mice
Grevert, P., Baizman, E. R., & Goldstein, A. (1978) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(78)90072-3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Status of the Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF)
Saffran, M., & Schally, A. V. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000122723 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Lipotropin: Localization by radioimmunoassay of endorphin precursor in pituitary and brain
LaBella, F. S., Queen, G. M., Senyshyn, J., et al. (1977) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(77)91049-x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
ENKEPHALIN IN PERIPHERAL NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOURS
Sullivan, S. (1978) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(78)90271-4 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

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Effects of music interventions on stress-related outcomes: a systematic review and two meta-analyses
de Witte, M., Spruit, A., van Hooren, S., Moonen, X., & Stams, G.-J. (2020) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2019.1627897 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Music therapy for stress reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis
de Witte, M., Pinho, A. D. S., Stams, G.-J., Moonen, X., Bos, A. E. R., & van Hooren, S. (2022) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2020.1846580 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Game-based digital interventions for depression therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Li, J., Theng, Y.-L., & Foo, S. (2014) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2013.0481 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Opiate antagonists stimulate affiliative behaviour in monkeys
Fabre-Nys, C., Meller, R. E., & Keverne, E. B. (1982) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(82)90432-4 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Chronic stress sensitizes frontal cortex dopamine release in response to a subsequent novel stressor: reversal by naloxone
Cuadra, G., Zurita, A., Lacerra, C., & Molina, V. (1999) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00179-8 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Individual differences in the effects of chronic stress on memory: behavioral and neurochemical correlates of resiliency
Sweis, B. M., Veverka, K. K., Dhillon, E. S., Urban, J. H., & Lucas, L. R. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.052 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Authors: Amir, S., Brown, Z. W., & Amit, Z.
Affiliations: Concordia University (CA)
ORCID: Amir, Shimon
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1980-03
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 77-86
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0149-7634(80)90027-5
OpenAlex: W2076340827
Cited by: 351
References: 249
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 9.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords: endorphins, enkephalin, stress response, ACTH, anterior pituitary, trophic hormones, adrenal medulla, pancreas, adrenaline secretion, glucagon secretion, pituitary regulation, behavioral stress response, opioid peptides
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Adrenal Medulla, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Animals, Chemistry, Emotions, Endorphins, Epinephrine, Glucagon, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Insulin, Islets of Langerhans, Naloxone, Pain, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Receptors, Opioid, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Vasopressins, Rats, Chemical Phenomena

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The role of endorphins in stress: Evidence and speculations

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