The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey, I: lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence
Abstract
Basic epidemiologic prevalence data are presented on sex differences in DSM-III-R major depressive episodes (MDE). The data come from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), the first survey in the U.S. to administer a structured psychiatric interview to a nationally representative sample of the general population. Consistent with previous research, women are approximately 1.7 times as likely as men to report a lifetime history of MDE. Age of onset analysis shows that this sex difference begins in early adolescence and persists through the mid-50s. Women also have a much higher rate of 12-month depression than men. However, women with a history of depression do not differ from men with a history of depression in either the probability of being chronically depressed in the past year or in the probability of having an acute recurrence in the past year. This means that the higher prevalence of 12-month depression among women than men is largely due to women having a higher risk of first onset. The implications of these results for future research are discussed in a closing section of the paper.
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“It is primarily girls who account for the increase in adolescence,2,3 evidencing a 2:1 sex difference in depression that continues throughout the reproductive years.4”
From Subthreshold Symptoms of Depression in Preadolescent Girls Are Stable and Predictive of Depressive Disorders (2008) · cites this paper as [4]
Citations
Cites
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Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083968 · Cited by 8,120
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x · Cited by 5,172
Rumination reconsidered: a psychometric analysis.
Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023910315561 · Cited by 3,808
“Hoeksema et al., 1993, 1994,1999) as is the gender difference in depression ( Kessler, McGonagle, Swartz, Blazer, & Nelson, 1993; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987).”
Genetic Epidemiology of Major Depression: Review and Meta-Analysis
Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552 · Cited by 3,431
Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000102 · Cited by 2,622
“…et al. (2010) 3.16 U.S. 567 894 WMH-CIDI 2002 65 NCS-RW 1 2 1 3 Kessler et al. (1993) 1.86 U.S. 838 927 CIDI 1991 15–24 National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) 1 1 2 3 Kessler et al. (1993) 1.53 U.S. 1,246 1,378 CIDI 1991 25–34 NCS 1 1 2 3 Kessler et al. (1993) 1.65 U.S. 1,065 1,178 CIDI 1991…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kessler, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, R
- ORCID
- Kessler, R
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1993-11
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 85-96
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1992284534
- Cited by
- 2,207
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 124 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 119 · 2013: 105 · 2012: 101
- FWCI
- 21.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- State University of New York
- Johns Hopkins University
- York University
- University of Toronto
- National Institute of Mental Health (5RO1 MH46376, R01MH046376, MH 46376, 90135190)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- sex differences, major depressive episode, depression prevalence, chronic depression, depression recurrence, age of onset, National Comorbidity Survey, men and women
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Chronic Disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Assessment, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Recurrence, Sex Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Incidence
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