The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Validation of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ).
Abstract
The validity of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) was examined by interviewing 81 individuals who had participated in an earlier community survey of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in Iceland. When SAD and subsyndromal SAD (S-SAD) were combined into a 'winter problem' group, the questionnaire's sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value for that group were 94%, 73% and 45%, respectively. The SPAQ discriminated poorly between SAD and S-SAD, and hence it had a poor case-finding ability for SAD. Clinical evaluation verified a diagnosis of SAD in individuals who had no previous information about this syndrome. The questionnaire furthermore identified a group of individuals who had generalized anxiety and marked seasonal variations. Clinical evaluation arrived at a similar prevalence rate of SAD as the questionnaire.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, the questionnaire is retrospective to the routine seasonal changes during lifetime and has excellent sensitivity and specificity (94% and 73% respectively) for seasonal affective disorder and its subsyndromal form [62], a high internal consistency [63], and two-month test-ratest reliability [64].”
From Seasonal changes in mood and behavior are linked to metabolic syndrome (2008) · cites this paper as [62]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
Practical Statistics for Medical Research.
Walter, S., & Altman, D. G. (1992) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532320 · Cited by 11,666
Rosenthal, N. E. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790120076010 · Cited by 2,385
Practical statistics for medical research
King, M. (1992) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(92)90046-5 · Cited by 1,666
Epidemiological Findings of Seasonal Changes in Mood and Behavior
Kasper, S. F., Wehr, T. A., Bartko, J. J., Gaist, P., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810090065010 · Cited by 642
Light therapy for Seasonal Affective Disorder A review of efficacy
TERMAN, M. (1989) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/0893-133x(89)90002-x · Cited by 539
Prevalence of seasonal affective disorder at four latitudes
Rosen, L. N., Targum, S. D., Terman, M., Bryant, M. J., Hoffman, H. J., Kasper, S. F., HAMOVITT, J., Docherty, J. P., Welch, B., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1990) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(90)90116-m · Cited by 489
Phototherapy in Individuals With and Without Subsyndromal Seasonal Affective Disorder
Kasper, S. F., Rogers, S. L., Yancey, A. K., Schulz, P. M., Skwerer, R. G., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810090079011 · Cited by 237
Hudson, J. I., & Pope, H. G. (1987) · American Psychiatric Press eBooks · Cited by 213
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Helgason, 1984, Alkoholmisbrugets epidemiologi, Nordisk Med., 99, 290
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–132 of 132
Jo, Y., Takagi, S., Shimizu, M., Takahashi, H., & Sugihara, G. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.01.044 · Cited by 3
Toledo, A., Yli-Uotila, E., Kautiainen, H., Pirkola, S. P., Partonen, T., & Snellman, E. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.090 · Cited by 3
Lu, Y.-A., & Tsai, P. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/5542425 · Cited by 2
Scores of a web-based version of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire in Brazil
Martinez, D., da Silva, R. P., Cassol, C. M., & Pires, G. N. (2015) · Clinical & Biomedical Research · doi:10.4322/2357-9730.59646 · Cited by 2
Lee, H. J., Han, D., Rhee, S. J., Lee, J., Kim, J., Lee, Y., Kim, E. Y., Park, D. Y., Roh, S., Baik, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.054 · Cited by 4
Le trouble affectif saisonnier : la dépression hivernale
Gasbaoui, L. (2016) · HAL · Cited by 2
Birgisdóttir, Á. G., Zelinski, L., Ólafsson, R. P., & Höller, Y. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.70023 · Cited by 1
Zhao, F.-Y., Wang, Y., Fu, Q.-Q., Zhu, J.-Y., & Qian, J. (2025) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2025.103276 · Cited by 1
Zelinski, L., Pálmadóttir, A. D., Birgisdóttir, Á. G., Sesseljuson, L. D., Ólafsson, R. P., Bathke, A. C., & Höller, Y. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.121057 · Cited by 1
Mood in association with dietary nutrient intakes and sleep length
Rintamäki, R. M. (2007) · STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) · Cited by 1
Morales‐Muñoz, I., Koskinen, S. V. P., & Partonen, T. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.04.003 · Cited by 1
Asencio, I. G., Tillería, F. L., Quiroz, V. M., Vega, C. V., Vasquez, C. J., Núñez-Espinosa, C. A., & Goic, C. A. E. (2021) · Ciencias Psicológicas · doi:10.22235/cp.v15i2.2344 · Cited by 1
Szulborski, K. J., Prosniewski, M. D., Anjum, S., Alwreikat, A. M., Aquino, P. R., & Ramsey, D. J. (2022) · Vision · doi:10.3390/vision6020032 · Cited by 1
Höller, Y., Zelinski, L., Sesseljuson, L. D., Pálmadóttir, A. D., Latini, A., Matthews, A., Ásmundsdóttir, Á. M., Gudmundsson, L. S., & Ólafsson, R. P. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17104634 · Cited by 1
Occurrence of kissing molars in a population
Ventä, I., Vehkalahti, M. M., & Suominen, A. L. (2019) · doi:10.31038/jdmr.2019212 · Cited by 1
Winter Fatigue and Winter Depression : Prevalence and Treatment with Bright Light
Rastad, C. (2009) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
Pinealisverkalkung und Saisonalität beim Menschen
Kämpfe, N. (2010) · Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver · doi:10.17169/refubium-16932
Epidemiological Data of Seasonal Variation in Mood and Behaviour
Grimaldi, S. (2009) · STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari)
THE EFFECT OF ACUTE BRIGHT LIGHT EXPOSURE ON SOCIAL AFFILIATION
Botanov, Y. (2014) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)
Tirassa, P., Iannitelli, A., Sornelli, F., Cirulli, F., Mazza, M., Calza, A., Alleva, E., Branchi, I., Aloe, L., Bersani, G., et al. (2015)
Seasonal Affective Disorder and associated Factors among Sri Lankan Immigrants living in Oslo
Saheer, T. B. (2012) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Diagnosens legitimitet innen psykisk helsevern
Helliesen, O. (2011) · Fokus på familien · doi:10.18261/issn0807-7487-2011-01-02
Jeong, J., Lee, Y., Cho, C., & Lee, H. (2020) · Chronobiology in Medicine · doi:10.33069/cim.2020.0005
Prystanski, K. (2012) · Knowledge Commons (Lakehead University) · Cited by 1
Healthy Climatic Adaption and Climate Change
Stewart, S. (2024) · Sustainable development goals series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73106-8_3
Amendolara, B., Miller, L., Samudrala, S., & McCarthy, M. J. (2025) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2490496
Potthoff, J., Ólafsson, R. P., Zelinski, L., & Höller, Y. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.70016
Affective Temperaments and Seasonality in Patients with Mood Disorders
Vincenzo, M. D., Rocca, B. D., Sampogna, G., Toni, C., Cerbo, A. D., Calamaro, S., Guida, F., Atti, A. R., Valenta, S. T., Sani, G., et al. (2025) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s529156
McCallaghan, J. J. (2004) · Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town)
Kang, K. A., Cho, M., Park, C., Lee, E., Kim, S. Y., & Park, C. H. K. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120913
Zelinski, L., Gunnarsdóttir, H. H., Ólafsson, R. P., & Höller, Y. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2026.102990
Metadata
- Authors
- Magnusson, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-10
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 121-129
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2086006187
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire, seasonal affective disorder, questionnaire validation, case finding, sensitivity and specificity, prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Iceland, Male, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Seasons, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Incidence, Seasonal Affective Disorder
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review