Seasonal changes in mood and behavior are linked to metabolic syndrome
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major public health problem worldwide. Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor to the cardiovascular diseases. It has been reported that disruptions of the circadian clockwork are associated with and may predispose to metabolic syndrome. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: 8028 individuals attended a nationwide health examination survey in Finland. Data were collected with a face-to-face interview at home and during an individual health status examination. The waist circumference, height, weight and blood pressure were measured and samples were taken for laboratory tests. Participants were assessed using the ATP-III criteria for metabolic syndrome and with the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire for their seasonal changes in mood and behavior. Seasonal changes in weight in particular were a risk factor of metabolic syndrome, after controlling for a number of known risk and potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Metabolic syndrome is associated with high global scores on the seasonal changes in mood and behavior, and with those in weight in particular. Assessment of these changes may serve as a useful indicator of metabolic syndrome, because of easy assessment. Abnormalities in the circadian clockwork which links seasonal fluctuations to metabolic cycles may predispose to seasonal changes in weight and to metabolic syndrome.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a Finnish nationwide health examination survey, higher global seasonality scores were associated with metabolic syndrome, with seasonal change in weight as the strongest item-specific risk factor. The authors suggest seasonal changes may serve as an easily assessed indicator of metabolic syndrome and implicate circadian clockwork.
Key findings
- Among 5981 participants with complete data, a global seasonality score (GSS) of 8–18 versus 0–7 was associated with metabolic syndrome in the first multivariate model (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.32–1.84); as a continuous variable, each GSS point increased risk by 6% (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04–1.08).
- In the second multivariate model, only seasonal change in weight remained a significant item-specific risk factor (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.39–1.78); the other five seasonal items were not significant.
- In univariate models, seasonal change in weight (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.32–1.61) and appetite (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.14–1.42) were risk factors, while seasonal change in social activity was protective (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.74–0.95); waist circumference correlated most strongly with seasonal weight change (r = 0.20, P<0.001).
- The estimated number of Finnish persons aged 30 or over with metabolic syndrome and a GSS equal to winter blues or more severe seasonal changes was 232,577.
Methods
- The Health 2000 Study was a nationwide Finnish health examination survey using a two-stage stratified cluster sample of adults aged 30 and over; 8028 individuals were contacted, the final sample was 7979, and 5981 with complete metabolic syndrome and seasonal-change assessments were included in the risk analysis.
- Data came from face-to-face interviews, health status examinations, and laboratory tests; metabolic syndrome was assessed by NCEP-ATPIII criteria (at least three components), seasonal changes by a modified Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire yielding a GSS from 0 to 18, and depressive symptoms by a modified 21-item Beck Depression Inventory.
- Survey-weighted generalized linear models for logistic regression were used, with metabolic syndrome as the dependent variable; univariate and multivariate models included sex, age, area of living, education, marital status, physical exercise, alcohol use, BDI, and GSS or its six component items, plus post hoc criterion-specific associations.
Limitations
- Stated: seasonal changes in mood and behavior were assessed by self-report questionnaire; the authors note it is retrospective and not a good case-finding instrument for mental disorders, though they cite good sensitivity/specificity for seasonal affective disorder and good psychometric properties.
- Stated: findings are representative of the Finnish general population aged over 30 and can be generalized directly to populations with a similar standard of living at the time of the study.
- Evident: the cross-sectional design cannot establish temporal or causal direction between seasonal changes and metabolic syndrome, and the complete-case analysis included 5981 of 8028 contacted individuals, with seasonal measures relying on retrospective recall.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 11 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
All explanatory variables were significant when analyzed separately, except sex.
“All the explanatory variables were of significance as analyzed separately, with the exception of the sex.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Of the six items comprising the GSS, only seasonal change in weight had a significant effect, being a risk factor.
“Of the six items of which the GSS is comprised, only the seasonal change in weight had a significant effect, being a risk factor (Table 5).”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“At population level individuals with metabolic syndrome had more seasonal changes in their mood and behavior, those in weight in particular being a significant risk of having metabolic syndrome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
- Findingcitation
The questionnaire was not a good case-finding instrument for mental disorders.
“However, the questionnaire was not a good case-finding instrument for mental disorders, which agrees with earlier reports [65].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [65] C Thompson, 2004, Prevalence of seasonal affective disorder in primary care; a comparison of the seasonal health questionnaire and the seasonal pattern assessment questionnaire., J Affect Disord source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire retrospectively captures routine seasonal changes during lifetime.
- Findingown data
In post hoc analysis, after controlling for sex and age, waist circumference was correlated significantly to each seasonal change item.
“Of the assessment criteria for metabolic syndrome, after controlling for the sex and age of the participants, the waist circumference was correlated significantly to each seasonal change item, but most strongly to the seasonal change in weight (r = 0.20, P<0.001) followed by the seasonal changes in appetite (r = 0.12, P<0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Each point scored on the GSS increased the risk of metabolic syndrome by 6%.
“Each point scored on the sum increased the risk of metabolic syndrome by 6%, indicating that the maximum score would end in the 2.1-fold increase in the risk.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
The risk of having metabolic syndrome was heightened by 56% among those with a global score equal to winter blues or more severe seasonal changes.
“The risk of having metabolic syndrome was heightened by 56% among those having a global score equal to winter blues or more severe seasonal changes in their mood and behavior.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The risk of metabolic syndrome due to seasonal changes remained significant whether the global seasonality score was analyzed as a continuous or categorized variable.
“The risk of metabolic syndrome due to the seasonal changes remained similar, that is a significant one, whether they were analyzed as a continuous or categorized global score.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Individuals with metabolic syndrome had greater seasonal changes in mood and behavior.
“Individuals with metabolic syndrome had greater seasonal changes in mood and behavior.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“At population level individuals with metabolic syndrome had more seasonal changes in their mood and behavior, those in weight in particular being a significant risk of having metabolic syndrome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
- Findingreasoning
Our findings were consistent concerning the effects of seasonal changes in mood and behavior, physical exercise and alcohol use on the risk of metabolic syndrome.
“Our findings were consistent concerning the effects of the seasonal changes in mood and behavior, physical exercise and alcohol use on the risk of metabolic syndrome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Elevated uric acid levels were associated with metabolic syndrome in both genders.
“We also found that elevated uric acid levels were associated with metabolic syndrome in both genders.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Higher global seasonality score (GSS) on seasonal changes in mood and behavior is associated with metabolic syndrome.
“Metabolic syndrome is associated with high global scores on the seasonal changes in mood and behavior, and with those in weight in particular.”
- Also stated in: § Univariate risk analysis · plain
“Seasonal changes in mood and behavior were associated significantly with metabolic syndrome (Table 3).”
- Also stated in: § Multivariate risk analysis · plain
“First, individuals with the greater global score on seasonal changes in mood and behavior had a significantly higher risk for metabolic syndrome (Table 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Univariate risk analysis · plain
- Findingown data
Of the non-seasonal explanatory variables, the same ones remained significant in the second multivariate model as in the first, except area of living which lost significance.
“Of the non-seasonal explanatory variables, the same ones remained to be of significance in a similar way in the second multivariate model than in the first one, except the area of living which lost the significance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The GSS as a continuous explanatory variable yielded an odds ratio of 1.06 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.08) for metabolic syndrome.
“The GSS as a continuous explanatory variable yielded the odds ratio of 1.06 (95% CI = 1.04 to 1.08) for metabolic syndrome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There is a significant association of seasonal changes in mood and behavior with metabolic syndrome.
“Our results herein show that there is a significant association of the seasonal changes in mood and behavior with metabolic syndrome.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“At population level individuals with metabolic syndrome had more seasonal changes in their mood and behavior, those in weight in particular being a significant risk of having metabolic syndrome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
- Findingown data
The global seasonality score is composed of two separate factors having relevance to mood and energy metabolism respectively.
“Our analysis herein not only confirms its good psychometric properties but also indicates that the global seasonality score is in fact composed of two separate factors having relevance to mood and energy metabolism respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire retrospectively captures routine seasonal changes during lifetime.
- Findingown data
A two-factor solution best describes the pattern of covariation of the six items of seasonal changes.
“A two-factor solution was found to describe best the pattern of covariation of these six items, so our analysis disagreed with the assumption of a single global factor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Our analysis confirms the questionnaire's good psychometric properties.
“Our analysis herein not only confirms its good psychometric properties but also indicates that the global seasonality score is in fact composed of two separate factors having relevance to mood and energy metabolism respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire retrospectively captures routine seasonal changes during lifetime.
- Findingown data
The estimated number of individuals in Finland aged 30 or over with metabolic syndrome together with a GSS equal to winter blues or more severe seasonal changes is 232,577.
“Concerning the general population of Finland, the estimated number of individuals with metabolic syndrome together with a global seasonality score equal to winter blues or more severe seasonal changes in their mood and behavior was 232,577 persons aged 30 or over (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Seasonal changes in appetite are a significant risk factor of metabolic syndrome.
“Of the six items of which the GSS is comprised, the seasonal changes in weight and appetite were significant risk factors, whereas the seasonal change in social activity was a significant protective factor of metabolic syndrome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Seasonal changes in weight are a risk factor of metabolic syndrome after controlling for known risk and potential confounding factors.
“Seasonal changes in weight in particular were a risk factor of metabolic syndrome, after controlling for a number of known risk and potential confounding factors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The magnitude of the effect of GSS as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome is equal to that of fitness training as a protective factor.
“The magnitude of their effect as a risk factor was equal to that of fitness training as a protective factor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Sex became significant in the multivariate models.
“However, the sex became to be of significance in the multivariate models.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
All assessment criteria for metabolic syndrome were significantly associated with the seasonal change in weight.
“All the assessment criteria were significantly associated with the seasonal change in weight.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Seasonal change in social activity is a significant protective factor of metabolic syndrome.
“Of the six items of which the GSS is comprised, the seasonal changes in weight and appetite were significant risk factors, whereas the seasonal change in social activity was a significant protective factor of metabolic syndrome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Reciprocal regulatory loops consist of metabolic, cell-division, circadian and seasonal oscillations.
“Reciprocal regulatory loops thereby consist of the metabolic, cell-division, circadian and seasonal oscillations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The results give support to hypothesized links between metabolic and circadian cycles generated and guided by the circadian pacemaker.
“As they all affect the circadian clockwork, our results herein give support to the hypothesized links between the metabolic and circadian cycles generated and guided by the circadian pacemaker [35].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] BP Tu, 2006, Metabolic cycles as an underlying basis of biological oscillations., Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
The negative effect of seasonal changes in mood and behavior was equal to the positive effect of physical exercise from fitness training to sports activities.
“The negative effect of these changes was equal to the positive effect of physical exercise of fitness training to sports activities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The maximum GSS score would result in a 2.1-fold increase in risk of metabolic syndrome.
“Each point scored on the sum increased the risk of metabolic syndrome by 6%, indicating that the maximum score would end in the 2.1-fold increase in the risk.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The circadian pacemaker of the suprachiasmatic nuclei is a seasonal timepiece through its ability to encode the length of day.
“Because the circadian pacemaker of the suprachiasmatic nuclei is a seasonal timepiece as well through its ability to encode the length of day [16]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] JH Meijer, 2007, Processing of daily and seasonal light information in the mammalian circadian clock., Gen Comp Endocrinol source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Assessment of seasonal changes in mood and behavior may serve as a useful indicator of metabolic syndrome because of easy assessment.
“Assessment of these changes may serve as a useful indicator of metabolic syndrome, because of easy assessment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
The questionnaire has high internal consistency.
“However, the questionnaire is retrospective to the routine seasonal changes during lifetime and has excellent sensitivity and specificity (94% and 73% respectively) for seasonal affective disorder and its subsyndromal form [62], a high internal consistency [63], and two-month test-ratest reliability [64].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [63] A Magnusson, 1997, Internal consistency of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ)., J Affect Disord source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire retrospectively captures routine seasonal changes during lifetime.
- Interpretationown data
The results extend these links to include relationships between metabolic and seasonal fluctuations.
“Moreover, our results of a general population now extend these links to include relationships between the metabolic and seasonal fluctuations as well.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
The questionnaire has two-month test-retest reliability.
“However, the questionnaire is retrospective to the routine seasonal changes during lifetime and has excellent sensitivity and specificity (94% and 73% respectively) for seasonal affective disorder and its subsyndromal form [62], a high internal consistency [63], and two-month test-ratest reliability [64].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [64] MA Young, 2003, Measuring seasonality: psychometric properties of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire and the Inventory for Seasonal Variation., Psychiatry Res source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire retrospectively captures routine seasonal changes during lifetime.
- Premisecitation
Earlier study of 195 adults found a net weight gain of 0.48 kg on average (SD 2.22 kg) in late February or March compared with late September or early October.
“Earlier, in a study of a convenience sample, the 195 adult persons had a net weight gain of 0.48 kg on average (standard deviation of 2.22 kg) in late February or March as compared with their weight in late September or early October [34].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [34] JA Yanovski, 2000, A prospective study of holiday weight gain., N Engl J Med source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Greater seasonal changes in weight are linked to metabolic syndrome among individuals aged 30 or over.
“Our findings herein suggest that greater seasonal changes in weight, whether they are associated with such net weight gain or not which is likely to predispose to overweight, are linked to metabolic syndrome among individuals aged 30 or over.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
The questionnaire has excellent sensitivity and specificity (94% and 73% respectively) for seasonal affective disorder and its subsyndromal form.
“However, the questionnaire is retrospective to the routine seasonal changes during lifetime and has excellent sensitivity and specificity (94% and 73% respectively) for seasonal affective disorder and its subsyndromal form [62], a high internal consistency [63], and two-month test-ratest reliability [64].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [62] A Magnusson, 1996, Validation of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ)., J Affect Disord source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire retrospectively captures routine seasonal changes during lifetime.
- May combine two claims. 9
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 6
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataFactor one (weight, appetite) explained 53% of the variance in the global score, and factor two (sleep length, social activity, mood, energy level) explained 89%.
“The factor one (weight, appetite) explained 53%, whereas the factor two (sleep length, social activity, mood, energy level) explained 89% of the variance in the global score.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe correlation of waist circumference was strongest with seasonal change in weight (r = 0.20, P<0.001), followed by seasonal changes in appetite (r = 0.12, P<0.001).
“Of the assessment criteria for metabolic syndrome, after controlling for the sex and age of the participants, the waist circumference was correlated significantly to each seasonal change item, but most strongly to the seasonal change in weight (r = 0.20, P<0.001) followed by the seasonal changes in appetite (r = 0.12, P<0.001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningThe modified questionnaire's psychometric properties were tested.
“Since the seasonal changes in mood and behavior were assessed with a modified questionnaire, we tested its psychometric properties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenOur findings are representative of the general population aged over 30 living in Finland and can be generalized directly to any population with a similar standard of living at the time of the study.
“Our findings are representative of the general population aged over 30 living in Finland, a northern European country, and can therefore be generalized directly to concern any population with a similar standard of living at the time of the study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationDepression was assessed using a modification of the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory adapted and validated for the Finnish population.
“The behavioral manifestation and symptom intensity of depression were assessed as self-report using a modification of the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory [26] as adapted and validated for the Finnish population (www.kela.fi/in/internet/liite.nsf/NET/110607141642EK/File/tutkimuksia86.pdfOpenElement), with the sum score or Beck Depression Index (BDI) ranging from 0 to 55.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] AT Beck, 1961, An inventory for measuring depression., Arch Gen Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn that earlier study, weight gain was not reversed during spring or summer in the 165 participants who returned for follow-up, so net weight gain during fall and winter likely contributes to adult weight increase.
“Since the weight gain was not reversed during the spring or summer months in those 165 participants who returned for follow-up the next September or early October, the net weight gain during the fall and winter is likely to contribute to the increase in weight which frequently occurs during adulthood.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [34] JA Yanovski, 2000, A prospective study of holiday weight gain., N Engl J Med source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataThe seasonal changes in mood and behavior were assessed using a self-report questionnaire.
“A limitation is that we assessed the seasonal changes in mood and behavior using a self-report questionnaire.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe data were weighted to take into account the sampling design and to reduce bias due to non-response.
“The data were weighted to take into account the sampling design and to reduce the bias due to non-response.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDisruptions of the circadian clockwork are associated with and may predispose to metabolic syndrome.
“It has been reported that disruptions of the circadian clockwork are associated with and may predispose to metabolic syndrome.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“A range of clinical conditions which are associated with adipose tissue functions display disruptions of the circadian rhythms as well [4]. Moreover, night-shift workers whose rest-activity cycles are reversed tend to develop metabolic syndrome [5].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [4] AD Laposky, 2007, Sleep and circadian rhythms: key components in the regulation of energy metabolism., FEBS Lett.
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [5] U Holmback, 2003, Endocrine responses to nocturnal eating – possible implications for night work., Eur J Nutr source
Not checked in the free run.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe energy metabolism factor was associated specifically with and might be a good proxy for metabolic syndrome.
“The latter factor was associated in specific with and thereby might be a good proxy for metabolic syndrome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire retrospectively captures routine seasonal changes during lifetime.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe modified seasonal pattern assessment questionnaire has a Cronbach's alpha of 0.81 and an all-item unweighted sum reliability of 0.85.
“The calculation of reliabilities yielded Cronbach's alpha of 0.81 and the all-item unweighted sum of 0.85 according to a general model with the assumption that measurement errors may correlate.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataOf 8028 study participants, 5981 had complete assessments of metabolic syndrome and seasonal changes and were included in the risk analysis.
“Of the 8028 study participants (4391 women and 3637 men), the assessments of the presence of metabolic syndrome and of the seasonal changes in mood and behavior was a complete one for 5981 individuals who were subsequently included in the risk analysis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAbnormalities in the circadian clockwork which links seasonal fluctuations to metabolic cycles may predispose to seasonal changes in weight and to metabolic syndrome.
“Abnormalities in the circadian clockwork which links seasonal fluctuations to metabolic cycles may predispose to seasonal changes in weight and to metabolic syndrome.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Seasonal changes in mood and behavior are a proxy for the circadian clockwork.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Seasonal changes in mood and behavior are a proxy for the circadian clockwork.
“we decided to use the seasonal changes in mood and behavior as a proxy for the circadian clockwork.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire retrospectively captures routine seasonal changes during lifetime.
“However, the questionnaire is retrospective to the routine seasonal changes during lifetime”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Elevated evening cortisol as well as circadian disruption are linked to metabolic syndrome.
“and elevated evening cortisol as well as CD are linked to metabolic syndrome.56”
From Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Disruption (2015) · cites this paper as [56]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Maximum-score effect does not follow from the per-point odds ratio
MajorApplying the reported odds ratio of 1.06 per point across the 18-point score range gives about 2.85 times the odds at score 18 versus score 0, not 2.1 times.
Reported 2.1 · recomputed 2.854339
“Each point scored on the sum increased the risk of metabolic syndrome by 6%, indicating that the maximum score would end in the 2.1-fold increase in the risk.”
Not all separately analyzed explanatory variables were significant
MinorThe claim excludes only sex, but Table 3 also shows seasonal-change items whose confidence intervals include an odds ratio of 1, including sleep length.
“All the explanatory variables were of significance as analyzed separately, with the exception of the sex.”
“| yes: sleep length | −0.04 | 0.06 | 0.96 | 0.86 to 1.09 |”
HDL cholesterol is described as higher despite a lower table mean
MinorThe results say HDL cholesterol is higher in individuals with metabolic syndrome, but Table 2 gives their mean as 1.1 mmol/l versus 1.5 mmol/l in those without it.
“but also higher levels of glucose (t = −19.2, P<0.001), total cholesterol (t = −13.2, P<0.001), HDL cholesterol (t = 48.5, P<0.001), LDL cholesterol (t = −11.9, P<0.001) and triglycerides (t = −37.5, P<0.001) than the remaining (Table 2).”
“| HDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.5 | 1.4 to 1.5 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 1.1 to 1.1 | 0.3 |”
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Metabolic syndrome follows a seasonal cycle
Partonen, T. (2010) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2010.51 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationCarlström, M. (2010) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-010-0139-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Circadian Rhythm Disruptions and Health
Lahti, T. A. (2008) · STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Study of Candidate Genes in Depression and Disturbed Sleep
Utge, S. (2012) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Winter Fatigue and Winter Depression : Prevalence and Treatment with Bright Light
Rastad, C. (2009) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sabatier, L. (2014) · QSpace (Queen's University Library) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Seasonal variation of metabolic syndrome prevalence in bipolar disorder
Altınbaş, K., Darçın, A. E., Gülöksüz, S., & Oral, T. (2012) · Journal of Mood Disorders · doi:10.5455/jmood.20120516035748
Kirsz, K., & Zieba, D. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2026.101235
Tracking Seasonal Transitions Using a Meteorological Seasonality Index
Lalić, B., & Sremac, A. F. (2026) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.70447
- Authors
- Rintamäki, R., Grimaldi, S., Englund, A., Haukka, J., Partonen, T., Reunanen, A., Aromaa, A., & Lönnqvist, J.
- Affiliations
- Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Partonen, Timo
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2008-01-23
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e1482
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2190794
- OpenAlex
- W2046163756
- Semantic Scholar
- f5c752f3d63d27f37b376a02d3de8e64afc53464
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Suomen Lääketieteen Säätiö
- Academy of Finland (210262, 201097)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- metabolic syndrome, seasonal variation, mood, behavior, circadian rhythm, obesity, cardiovascular risk, Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire, NCEP ATP III criteria, waist circumference, blood pressure
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Behavior, Finland, Humans, Risk Factors, Seasons, Seasonal Affective Disorder, Metabolic Syndrome
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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