The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Role of the amygdala and periaqueductal gray in anxiety and panic.
Abstract
The amygdala (AM) and the periaqueductal gray (PAG) represent the rostral and the caudal pole, respectively, of a longitudinally organized neural system, that is responsible for the integration of behavioral and physiological manifestations of defensive reactions against innate and learned threats. Microinjection of benzodiazepine (BZD) anxiolytics, GABAA receptor agonists or 5-HT receptor antagonists into the AM has anxiolytic effects in conflict tests and other models of conditioned fear, while similar administration of 5-HT or of a 5-HT1A receptor agonist has anxiogenic effects. On the other hand, in the test of electrical stimulation of the PAG, microinjection of 5-HT, 5-HT mimetics, or of drugs that enhance the action of endogenous 5-HT into the same brain area has an antiaversive effect, like BZD and GABAA agonists. Furthermore, microinjection of midazolam, of the NMDA receptor antagonist AP-7, or of the 5-HT1A/1B receptor blocker propranolol increased the exploration of the open arms of the elevated plus-maze, having therefore an anxiolytic effect. These results point to an inhibitory role of the GABA-BZD system in both the AM and the PAG. In contrast, 5-HT seemingly enhances conditioned fear in the AM, while inhibiting unconditioned fear in the PAG. Thus, 5-HT2/1C antagonists reportedly release punished behavior when injected into the AM, whereas they antagonized the antiaversive effect of 5-HT, zimelidine and 5-HT1A/1B receptor blockers in the PAG. Since reported cli…
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Because the amygdala has also been found to be critical in regulating anxiety-like behavior (42, 43), we investigated the effects of NCoR disruption during development on juvenile anxiety-like behavior.”
From The Nuclear Receptor Corepressor Has Organizational Effects within the Developing Amygdala on Juvenile Social Play and Anxiety-Like Behavior (2010) · cites this paper as [43]
Citations
Cites
Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat
Pellow, S., Chopin, P., File, S. E., & Briley, M. (1985) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/0165-0270(85)90031-7 · Cited by 5,822
Handbook of Psychopharmacology
Iversen, L. L., Iversen, S. D., & Snyder, S. H. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0933-8 · Cited by 2,756
The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates (2nd edn)
Herman, J. P., & Watson, S. J. (1987) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(87)90017-8 · Cited by 1,751
Pellow, S., & File, S. E. (1986) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(86)90552-6 · Cited by 1,534
The use of c-fos as a metabolic marker in neuronal pathway tracing
Dragunow, M., & Faull, R. (1989) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/0165-0270(89)90150-7 · Cited by 1,416
Bullitt, E. (1990) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902960402 · Cited by 1,059
5-HT and mechanisms of defence
Deakin, J. F. W., & Graeff, F. G. (1991) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988119100500414 · Cited by 1,011
Self-citationHandley, S. L., & Mithani, S. (1984) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00504983 · Cited by 974
A perceptual-defensive-recuperative model of fear and pain
Bolles, R. C., & Fanselow, M. S. (1980) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0000491x · Cited by 840
Engel, G., G�thert, M., Hoyer, D., Schlicker, E., & Hillenbrand, K. (1986) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00633189 · Cited by 677
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Graeff, 1987, Antiaversive action of drugs, Vol. 6, 129
- Puttkammer, 1987, Zur anxiolytishen Wirkung eines Phenoxypropanolamin-Derivates im Vergleich zu Propranolol, Diazepam und Plazebo, Drug Res., 37, 721
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–301 of 301
Metadata
- Authors
- Graeff, F. G., Silveira, M. C. L., Nogueira, R. L., Audi, E. A., & Oliveira, R. M. W.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Graeff, Frederico G.
- Venue
- Behavioural Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1993-12
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 123-131
- ISSN
- 0166-4328 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2033967523
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioural Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- amygdala, periaqueductal gray, anxiety, panic disorder, fear conditioning, unconditioned fear, serotonin, 5-HT1A receptor, benzodiazepines, GABAA receptor, midazolam, NMDA receptor antagonists, propranolol, zimelidine, ritanserin, defensive reactions, aversive behavior
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Anxiety, Humans, Periaqueductal Gray, Panic Disorder
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
