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Role of the amygdala and periaqueductal gray in anxiety and panic.

Graeff, Frederico G., Silveira, Maria Cristina L., Nogueira, Regina L., Audi, Elisabeth A., Oliveira, Rúbia Maria W.·1993·Behavioural Brain Research

DOI 10.1016/0166-4328(93)90097-a

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Abstract

The amygdala (AM) and the periaqueductal gray (PAG) represent the rostral and the caudal pole, respectively, of a longitudinally organized neural system, that is responsible for the integration of behavioral and physiological manifestations of defensive reactions against innate and learned threats. Microinjection of benzodiazepine (BZD) anxiolytics, GABAA receptor agonists or 5-HT receptor antagonists into the AM has anxiolytic effects in conflict tests and other models of conditioned fear, while similar administration of 5-HT or of a 5-HT1A receptor agonist has anxiogenic effects. On the other hand, in the test of electrical stimulation of the PAG, microinjection of 5-HT, 5-HT mimetics, or of drugs that enhance the action of endogenous 5-HT into the same brain area has an antiaversive effect, like BZD and GABAA agonists. Furthermore, microinjection of midazolam, of the NMDA receptor antagonist AP-7, or of the 5-HT1A/1B receptor blocker propranolol increased the exploration of the open arms of the elevated plus-maze, having therefore an anxiolytic effect. These results point to an inhibitory role of the GABA-BZD system in both the AM and the PAG. In contrast, 5-HT seemingly enhances conditioned fear in the AM, while inhibiting unconditioned fear in the PAG. Thus, 5-HT2/1C antagonists reportedly release punished behavior when injected into the AM, whereas they antagonized the antiaversive effect of 5-HT, zimelidine and 5-HT1A/1B receptor blockers in the PAG. Since reported cli…

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Authors: Graeff, F. G., Silveira, M. C. L., Nogueira, R. L., Audi, E. A., & Oliveira, R. M. W.
Affiliations: Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
Universidade Estadual de Maringá (BR)
Corresponding author: Graeff, Frederico G.
ORCID: Graeff, Frederico G.
Audi, Elisabeth A.
Venue: Behavioural Brain Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1993-12
Volume: 58
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 123-131
ISSN: 0166-4328 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0166-4328(93)90097-a
OpenAlex: W2033967523
Cited by: 301
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 1.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Behavioural Brain Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords: amygdala, periaqueductal gray, anxiety, panic disorder, fear conditioning, unconditioned fear, serotonin, 5-HT1A receptor, benzodiazepines, GABAA receptor, midazolam, NMDA receptor antagonists, propranolol, zimelidine, ritanserin, defensive reactions, aversive behavior
MeSH terms: Amygdala, Animals, Anxiety, Humans, Periaqueductal Gray, Panic Disorder

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Role of the amygdala and periaqueductal gray in anxiety and panic.

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