Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat
Abstract
A novel test for the selective identification of anxiolytic and anxiogenic drug effects in the rat is described, using an elevated + -maze consisting of two open arms and two enclosed arms. The use of this test for detecting such drug effects was validated behaviourally, physiologically, and pharmacologically. Rats made significantly fewer entries into the open arms than into the closed arms, and spent significantly less time in open arms. Confinement to the open arms was associated with the observation of significantly more anxiety-related behaviours, and of significantly greater plasma corticosterone concentrations, than confinement to the closed arms. Neither novelty nor illumination was a significant contributor to the behaviour of the rats on the + -maze. A significant increase in the percentage of time spent on the open arms and the number of entries into the open arms was observed only within clinically effective anxiolytics (chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and, less effectively, phenobarbitone). Compounds that cause anxiety in man significantly reduced the percentage of entries into, and time spent on, the open arms (yohimbine, pentylenetetrazole, caffeine, amphetamine). Neither antidepressants nor major tranquilisers had a specific effect. Exposure to a holeboard immediately before placement on the + -maze showed that behaviour on the maze was not clearly correlated either with exploratory head-dipping or spontaneous locomotor activity.
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The elevated plus-maze is based on the rat's natural conflict between its exploratory drive and its innate fear of elevated, open and novel spaces.
“The elevated plus-maze is based on the rat's natural conflict between its exploratory drive and its innate fear of elevated, open and novel spaces (Pellow et al., 1985).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play behavior by vasopressin and oxytocin depends on social context (2014) · cites this paper as Pellow et al., 1985
In the elevated plus maze, anxious mice avoid the open arms of the maze in favor of the walled arms.
“In the elevated plus maze (EPM), anxious mice avoid the open arms of the maze in favor of the walled arms35.”
From Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Pellow, S., Chopin, P., File, S. E., & Briley, M.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pellow, Sharon
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience Methods
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1985-08
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 149-167
- ISSN
- 0165-0270 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2041561931
- Cited by
- 5,822
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 142 · 2025: 168 · 2024: 169 · 2023: 169 · 2022: 179 · 2021: 217 · 2020: 224 · 2019: 229 · 2018: 227 · 2017: 225 · 2016: 209 · 2015: 215 · 2014: 269 · 2013: 235 · 2012: 222
- FWCI
- 11.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- elevated plus maze, anxiety, open arm entries, anxiolytics, anxiogenic drugs, corticosterone, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, phenobarbital, yohimbine, pentylenetetrazole, caffeine, amphetamine, antidepressants, antipsychotic drugs, locomotor activity, rat behavior
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Anxiety, Behavior, Animal, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Light, Male, Psychological Tests, Psychotropic Drugs, Rats, Inbred Strains, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Rats
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