Post-occupancy evaluation in the zoo
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The first zoo POEs noted dramatic changes in behavior associated with moving great apes from 20th-century "hard" zoo architecture to naturalistic enclosures, in which rates of agonistic and abnormal behaviors declined precipitously.
“The first zoo POEs noted dramatic changes in behavior associated with moving great apes from 20th-century “hard” zoo architecture to naturalistic enclosures, in which rates of agonistic and abnormal behaviors declined precipitously [3].”
From The Benefits of Increased Space and Habitat Complexity for the Welfare of Zoo-Housed King Penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
Cites
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Behavioral effects of a change in the physical environment: A pilot study of captive chimpanzees
Clarke, A. S., Juno, C. J., & Maple, T. L. (1982) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430010411 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvironmental influences on the activity of captive apes
Wilson, S. F. (1982) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430010304 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Objective evaluation of a behavioral enrichment device for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Bloomstrand, M. A., Riddle, K., Alford, P. L., & Maple, T. L. (1986) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430050307 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationRegurgitation/reingestion and coprophagy in captive gorillas
Akers, J. S., & Schildkraut, D. L. (1985) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430040203 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Silberman, M. S., & Maple, T. L. (1981) · The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine · doi:10.2307/20094518 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationPi, J. S. I. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb01032.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Studying visitor perceptions of zoo environments: a naturalistic view
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Criteria for the evaluation of zoo research projects
Kleiman, D. G. (1985) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430040202 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sommer, R. (1972) · Natural history · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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A survey of research in American zoos and aquariums
Finlay, T. W., & Maple, T. L. (1986) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430050304 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationCyclic proceptivity in a captive female orang-utan (Pongo Pygmaeus Abelii)
Maple, T. L., Zucker, E. L., & Dennon, M. B. (1979) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/0376-6357(79)90049-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationSex and age differences in the avoidance of reptile exhibits by zoo visitors
Hoff, M. P., & Maple, T. L. (1982) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430010310 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationNotes on water‐contact by a captive male lowland gorilla
Brown, S. G., Dunlap, W. P., & Maple, T. L. (1982) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430010308 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationSurvey of Visitor Attitude and Awareness at an Aquarium
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Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 28 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Philosophy of environmental enrichment: Past, present, and future
Mellen, J. D., & Sevenich, M. (2001) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1021 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Melfi, V. A. (2009) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20288 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
The modern zoo: How do people perceive zoo animals?
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Space use as an indicator of enclosure appropriateness: A novel measure of captive animal welfare
Ross, S. R., Schapiro, S. J., Hau, J., & Lukas, K. E. (2009) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2009.08.007 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Enrichment and aggression in primates
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People's Perceptions of Animals
Finlay, T. W., James, L. R., & Maple, T. L. (1988) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916588204008 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationTraining as enrichment: A critical review
Fernandez, E. J. (2022) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.7120/09627286.31.1.001 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Gorilla adaptations to naturalistic environments
Ogden, J. J., Finlay, T. W., & Maple, T. L. (1990) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430090205 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationClark, F. E. (2010) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20903 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Chang, T. R., Forthman, D. L., & Maple, T. L. (1999) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1999)18:3 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationBehavioural research in zoos: academic perspectives
Hosey, G. (1997) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(96)01104-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Bloomsmith, M. A., Marr, M. J., & Maple, T. L. (2006) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.028 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationDo naturalistic enclosures provide suitable environments for zoo animals?
Fàbregas, M. C., Guillén‐Salazar, F., & Garcés‐Narro, C. (2012) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20404 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ross, S. R., Wagner, K. E., Schapiro, S. J., Hau, J., & Lukas, K. E. (2010) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-010-9441-3 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Applied primatology in the modern zoo
Maple, T. L., & Finlay, T. W. (1989) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430080511 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationLukas, K. E., & Ross, S. R. (2014) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.2752/175303714x14023922797904 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Advancing Behavior Analysis in Zoos and Aquariums
Maple, T. L., & Segura, V. D. (2014) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/s40614-014-0018-x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationCaptive animals and interpretation: a tale of two tiger exhibits
Broad, S., & Weiler, B. (1998) · Journal of Tourism Studies · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Wilson, M. L., Kelling, A. S., Poline, L., Bloomsmith, M. A., & Maple, T. L. (2003) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.10102 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Impact of a Modern, Naturalistic Exhibit Design on Visitor Behavior: A Cross-Facility Comparison
Ross, S. R., Melber, L. M., Gillespie, K. L., & Lukas, K. E. (2012) · Visitor Studies · doi:10.1080/10645578.2012.660838 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Postoccupancy evaluations in zoological settings
Kelling, A. S., & Gaalema, D. E. (2011) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20398 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Nakamichi, M. (2007) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.2752/175303707x207945 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Effects of spatial differences on visitor perceptions at zoo exhibits
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Stoinski, T. S., Hoff, M. P., & Maple, T. L. (2002) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00116502034004005 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationAllard, S. M., & Bashaw, M. J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108183147.010 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A mealworm dispenser for the Slender‐tailed meerkat Suricata suricatta at London Zoo
Shepherdson, D. J., BROWNBACK, T., & JAMES, A. (1989) · International Zoo Yearbook · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03298.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Arena, P. C., Bashaw, M. J., Grant, R., Howell, T. J., Silvestre, A. M., & Warwick, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86012-7_19 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Soriano, A. I., Ensenyat, C., Serrat, S., & Maté, C. (2006) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0904_5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Postoccupancy evaluation of staff, visitors, and three species of animals in a zoo setting
Snyder, R. J., & Barrett, L. P. (2022) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21720 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Reconsidering the role of the built environment in human–wildlife interactions
Serenari, C. (2020) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10163 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fuller, G., Jones, M., Gartland, K. N., Zalewski, S., Heintz, M. R., & Allard, S. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13142312 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Post-occupancy evaluations (POEs) harness a within-subjects design to directly evaluate enclosure suitability by comparing the same group of animals in different exhibit spaces [3].”
BackgroundEnvironmental Enrichment and Refinement of Handling Procedures
Reinhardt, V. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012080261-6/50014-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mallavarapu, S., & Taglialatela, L. A. (2019) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2019.1632267 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
O'Connor, K. I. (2000) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600022478 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Behavioural studies of guenons Cercopithecus spp at Edinburgh Zoo
Young, R. J. (1998) · International Zoo Yearbook · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1998.tb02883.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Behavioral Impact of Naturalistic and Wilderness Settings
Maple, T. L., & Morris, M. C. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811481-0.00010-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMustaffa, W. N. F. W., Ani, A. I. C., & Hussain, A. H. (2022) · International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering Technology · doi:10.30880/ijscet.2022.13.01.010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Improving Zoo Exhibit Design: Why We Need Temporary Exhibit Design
Brereton, J. E., Coe, J. C., & Fernandez, E. J. (2025) · Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens · doi:10.3390/jzbg6010019 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Future Aviary Design: The Science of Circular Flight Aviaries for Avian Welfare
Brereton, J. E., Coe, J. C., & Fernandez, E. J. (2025) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21903 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Powell, D., & Baskir, E. A. (2021) · Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens · doi:10.3390/jzbg2040049 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Incorporating the Enclosure MonitoR Use (EMU) App to ZooMonitor Observations Technical Report
Brereton, J. E., Tuke, J., & Fernandez, E. J. (2025) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21909 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Comparative Psychopathology: Connecting Comparative and Clinical Psychology
Maple, T. L., & Segura, V. D. (2017) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/ijcp.2017.30.02.04 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationJackson, D. M., Ogden, J. J., & Maple, T. L. (1989) · Visitor Studies · doi:10.1080/10645578909443606 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationMaple, T. L., & Perdue, B. M. (2012) · Animal welfare · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35955-2_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Use of Small-Scale Spatial Analysis to Evaluate Primate Behavior and Welfare in Captive Settings
Ross, S. R., & Shender, M. A. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781107449824.015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
References and Further Reading
Cooper, J. E., & Hull, G. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802039-5.00037-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ridgway, S. C. (2000) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Martin, C. M. (2006) · Library Open Repository (Universidad Complutense Madrid)
Duane Rumbaugh’s Influence on the Science and Practice of Animal Welfare
Maple, T. L., & Perdue, B. M. (2018) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/ijcp.2018.31.03.02
Self-citationYoung, R. J. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470751046.refs
Ross, S. R. (2017) · The International Encyclopedia of Primatology · doi:10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0155
A mealworm dispenser for the Slender-tailed meerkat Suricata suricatta at London Zoo
Shepherdson, D. J., BROWNBACK, T., & JAMES, A. (1988) · International Zoo Yearbook · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1988.tb01059.x
Is Wild Animal Behavior a Proper Template for Captive Animal Behavior?
Watters, D. J. V., & Krebs, D. B. L. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118884836.ch2
Behavioral impact of naturalistic and wilderness settings
Maple, T. L., Snyder, R. J., & Morris, M. C. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23536-8.00010-1
Self-citationHögberg, S. (2010) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Palacios, D. A., Gartland, K. N., Andrus, M., Vassallo, M., & Fuller, G. A. (2026) · Discover Animals · doi:10.1007/s44338-026-00190-2
Vaughan, P., Slinn, E., Matthews, S., O’Brien, M., & Rose, P. (2026) · Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens · doi:10.3390/jzbg7020021
Edes, A. N., Parsons, A., Baskir, E. A., Hellmuth, H., & Powell, D. (2026) · Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens · doi:10.3390/jzbg7040049
- Authors
- Maple, T. L., & Finlay, T. W.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- ORCID
- Maple, Terry L.
- Venue
- Applied Animal Behaviour Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1987-07
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-18
- ISSN
- 0168-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2063786033
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 5.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Animal Behaviour Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Facilities and Workplace Management
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Environments and Student Outcomes
- Keywords
- post-occupancy evaluation, zoo design, zoo architecture, animal welfare, naturalistic settings, animal behavior, zoo visitors, visitor experience, zoo staff
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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