The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Skin photoplethysmography — a review
Abstract
The photoplethysmograph has been used for over 50 years but there are still misconceptions in how and what is the information obtained. A photoplethysmograph signal from any site on the skin can be separated into an oscillating (a.c.) and a steady-state (d.c.) component, their amplitudes dependent upon the structure and flow in the vascular bed. Many simple applications are available: pulse counters, using the a.c. component, skin colour and haemoglobin saturation meters, using the d.c. component. The d.c. component of the photoplethysmograph signal is a function of the blood flux beneath the device. A good emitter for use in a photoplethysmograph of skin blood flow is one in the frequency range 600-700 nm and the best signal for a.c. analysis is obtained from the finger pulp. The frequency range of the electronic circuitry should be from 0.01 to 15 Hz, then all the information in the signal can be extracted about the autonomic nervous system control of the cardiovascular system, particularly between 0.01 and 2 Hz. Comparative studies may be drawn between similar skin sites on a subject or between subjects if the afferent inputs to the brain stem are controlled or driven at a known frequency. These afferents, inputs, will modulate the efferents, outputs, which generate variations in the a.c. component of the detected photoplethysmograph signal.
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“Without this type of real-time, in-sensor processing (IR_Non in Fig. 6D), robust operation would be impossible: PPG signals would quickly drift outside of the narrow operating range of the ADC as a result of patient-to-patient variations in skin pigmentation and unavoidable, time-dependent fluctuations in optical scattering that result from micromotions relative to underlying blood vessels and sub”
From Binodal, wireless epidermal electronic systems with in-sensor analytics for neonatal intensive care (2019) · cites this paper as [28]
Citations
Cites
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LASER DOPPLER MEASUREMENT OF CUTANEOUS BLOOD FLOW
Holloway, G. A., & Watkins, D. (1977) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12507665 · Cited by 543
THE BLOOD SUPPLY OF VARIOUS SKIN AREAS AS ESTIMATED BY THE PHOTOELECTRIC PLETHYSMOGRAPH
Hertzman, A. B. (1938) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1938.124.2.328 · Cited by 460
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement
Allen, J. (2007) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/28/3/r01 · Cited by 3,967
“…processes in relation to PPG measurements (Hertzman and Randall 1948, Brown et al 1965, D’Agrosa and Hertzman 1967, Weinman 1967, Zweifler et al 1967, Challoner 1979, Ochoa and Ohara 1980, Nijboer et al 1981, Roberts 1982, Lindberg and Öberg 1993, de Trafford and Lafferty 1984, Kamal et al 1989).”
BackgroundMethodWearable photoplethysmographic sensors—past and present
Tamura, T., Maeda, Y., Sekine, M., & Yoshida, M. (2014) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics3020282 · Cited by 912
“The principle of PPG has been reviewed previously [2–4], and is explained briefly here.”
BackgroundBinodal, wireless epidermal electronic systems with in-sensor analytics for neonatal intensive care
Chung, H. U., Kim, B. H., Lee, J. Y., Lee, J., Xie, Z., Ibler, E. M., Lee, K., Banks, A., Jeong, J. Y., Kim, J., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau0780 · Cited by 807
Zhang, Z., Pi, Z., & Liu, B. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2014.2359372 · Cited by 759
Photoplethysmography Revisited: From Contact to Noncontact, From Point to Imaging
Sun, Y., & Thakor, N. V. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2015.2476337 · Cited by 589
“sue bed beneath the skin, which are due to the pulsatile nature of the circulatory system [13], [14].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Kamal, A. A. R., Harness, J. B., Irving, G., & Mearns, A. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Bradford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Harness, J.B.
- Venue
- Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1989-04
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 257-269
- ISSN
- 0169-2607 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2054173774
- Cited by
- 328
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 0.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Keywords
- photoplethysmography, skin blood flow, pulse counting, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, finger pulp, vascular bed
- MeSH terms
- Equipment Design, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Plethysmography, Regional Blood Flow, Skin
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