CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 328Non-Invasive Vital Sign MonitoringHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlCardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Skin photoplethysmography — a review

Kamal, A.A.R., Harness, J.B., Irving, G., Mearns, A.J.·1989·Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
DOI 10.1016/0169-2607(89)90159-4
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The photoplethysmograph has been used for over 50 years but there are still misconceptions in how and what is the information obtained. A photoplethysmograph signal from any site on the skin can be separated into an oscillating (a.c.) and a steady-state (d.c.) component, their amplitudes dependent upon the structure and flow in the vascular bed. Many simple applications are available: pulse counters, using the a.c. component, skin colour and haemoglobin saturation meters, using the d.c. component. The d.c. component of the photoplethysmograph signal is a function of the blood flux beneath the device. A good emitter for use in a photoplethysmograph of skin blood flow is one in the frequency range 600-700 nm and the best signal for a.c. analysis is obtained from the finger pulp. The frequency range of the electronic circuitry should be from 0.01 to 15 Hz, then all the information in the signal can be extracted about the autonomic nervous system control of the cardiovascular system, particularly between 0.01 and 2 Hz. Comparative studies may be drawn between similar skin sites on a subject or between subjects if the afferent inputs to the brain stem are controlled or driven at a known frequency. These afferents, inputs, will modulate the efferents, outputs, which generate variations in the a.c. component of the detected photoplethysmograph signal.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/0169-2607(89)90159-4

Cites

56 of 56 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Burton, 1940, Direct measurement of thermal conductance of skin as ideal index of peripheral blood flow, Am. J. Physiol., 129, 389
  2. Challoner, 1979, Photoelectric plethysmography for estimating cutaneous blood flow, Vol. 1, 127
  3. Fairs, 1985, Optical methods for measuring blood flow in skin, Vol. 1, 11
  4. Hertzman, 1937, Observations on the finger volume pulse recorded photoelectrically, Am. J. Physiol., 119, 334
  5. Mearns, 1985, Forcing frequency testing, theory and practice with reference to skin blood flow, Vol. 1, 23
  6. Molitor, 1936, A new continuous recording of peripheral circulatory changes, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 57, 6
  7. Sejrsen, 1971, Measurement of cutaneous bloodflow by freely diffusible radioactive isotopes, Dan. Med. Bull., 18, 9
  8. Thune, 1970, Plethysmographic recordings of skin pulses with particular reference to the piezoelectric method, Acta Dermatovener., 50, 27

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 328

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Kamal, A. A. R., Harness, J. B., Irving, G., & Mearns, A. J.
Affiliations
University of Bradford (GB)
Corresponding author
Harness, J.B.
Venue
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1989-04
Volume
28
Issue
4
Pages
257-269
ISSN
0169-2607 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/0169-2607(89)90159-4
OpenAlex
W2054173774
Cited by
328
References
56
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 12
FWCI
0.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
Keywords
photoplethysmography, skin blood flow, pulse counting, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, finger pulp, vascular bed
MeSH terms
Equipment Design, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Plethysmography, Regional Blood Flow, Skin

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review