Cited by 328Non-Invasive Vital Sign MonitoringHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlCardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Skin photoplethysmography — a review

Kamal, A.A.R., Harness, J.B., Irving, G., Mearns, A.J.·1989·Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine

DOI 10.1016/0169-2607(89)90159-4

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Abstract

The photoplethysmograph has been used for over 50 years but there are still misconceptions in how and what is the information obtained. A photoplethysmograph signal from any site on the skin can be separated into an oscillating (a.c.) and a steady-state (d.c.) component, their amplitudes dependent upon the structure and flow in the vascular bed. Many simple applications are available: pulse counters, using the a.c. component, skin colour and haemoglobin saturation meters, using the d.c. component. The d.c. component of the photoplethysmograph signal is a function of the blood flux beneath the device. A good emitter for use in a photoplethysmograph of skin blood flow is one in the frequency range 600-700 nm and the best signal for a.c. analysis is obtained from the finger pulp. The frequency range of the electronic circuitry should be from 0.01 to 15 Hz, then all the information in the signal can be extracted about the autonomic nervous system control of the cardiovascular system, particularly between 0.01 and 2 Hz. Comparative studies may be drawn between similar skin sites on a subject or between subjects if the afferent inputs to the brain stem are controlled or driven at a known frequency. These afferents, inputs, will modulate the efferents, outputs, which generate variations in the a.c. component of the detected photoplethysmograph signal.

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SFST: A robust framework for heart rate monitoring from photoplethysmography signals during physical activities
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Advanced thermal sensing techniques for characterizing the physical properties of skin
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Monitoring heart and respiratory rates at radial artery based on PPG
Wang, C., Li, Z., & Wei, X. (2013) · Optik · doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.11.044 · Cited by 44
A Robust Random Forest-Based Approach for Heart Rate Monitoring Using Photoplethysmography Signal Contaminated by Intense Motion Artifacts
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Is Continuous Heart Rate Monitoring of Livestock a Dream or Is It Realistic? A Review
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“Its principle has been reviewed previously [27].”
Decreased Pulsatile Blood Flow in the Patella in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Näslund, J., Waldén, M., & Lindberg, L. (2007) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546507303115 · Cited by 41
“Subjects (n) 33 15 18 22 13 9 Age (y) 36 (10) 33 (10) 38 (10) 33 (11) 30 (9) 37 (12) Height (cm) 175 (11) 164 (5) 184 (6) 175 (6) 171 (4) 181 (4) Weight (kg) 78 (16) 64 (8) 90 (12) 72 (10) 66 (7) 81 (8) Body mass index 26 (4) 24 (4) 27 (3) 23 (3) 23 (2) 25 (4)”
Heuristic algorithm for photoplethysmographic heart rate tracking during maximal exercise test
Silva, S. M. L. (2011) · Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering · doi:10.5405/jmbe.898 · Cited by 41
“es commonly encountered in clinical environments and during controlled or moderate motion [1-8].”
Background
Changes in the Plethysmographic Perfusion Index During an End-Expiratory Occlusion Detect a Positive Passive Leg Raising Test*
Beurton, A., Gavelli, F., Teboul, J., Vita, N. D., & Monnet, X. (2020) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000004768 · Cited by 40
“Provided that the degree of vasoconstriction is constant, PI may estimate stroke volume and cardiac output (17, 23).”
Background
Quality Assessment for the Photoplethysmogram (PPG)
Orphanidou, C. (2017) · SpringerBriefs in bioengineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68415-4_3 · Cited by 39
Novel Signal Noise Reduction Method through Cluster Analysis, Applied to Photoplethysmography
Waugh, W., Allen, J., Wightman, J., Sims, A. J., & Beale, T. A. W. (2018) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2018/6812404 · Cited by 38
Biomedical Signals
Subaşı, A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817444-9.00002-7 · Cited by 37
A Proximity Coupling RF Sensor for Wrist Pulse Detection Based on Injection-Locked PLL
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“Another method involves the use of a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor [11]–[15]; until recently, this was one of the most actively studied methods for tracking physiological information.”
Method
A 134 DB Dynamic Range Noise Shaping Slope Light-to-Digital Converter for Wearable Chest PPG Applications
Lin, Q., Song, S., Wegberg, R. V., Sijbers, W., Biswas, D., Konijnenburg, M., Vanhoof, C., Tavernier, F., & van Helleputte, N. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2021.3130470 · Cited by 30
“Such an AC component represents microvascular blood volume change within each heartbeat [7].”
Background
Multimodal Finger Pulse Wave Sensing: Comparison of Forcecardiography and Photoplethysmography Sensors
Andreozzi, E., Sabbadini, R., Centracchio, J., Bifulco, P., Irace, A., Breglio, G., & Riccio, M. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22197566 · Cited by 38
A Novel Wireless Photoplethysmography Blood-Flow Volume Sensor for Assessing Arteriovenous Fistula of Hemodialysis Patients
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Metaheuristic-Based Dimensionality Reduction and Classification Analysis of PPG Signals for Interpreting Cardiovascular Disease
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Technologies for non-invasive physiological sensing: Status, challenges, and future horizons
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Remote Photoplethysmography for Heart Rate and Blood Oxygenation Measurement: A Review
Pirzada, P., Wilde, A., & Harris‐Birtill, D. (2024) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2024.3405414 · Cited by 38
“These vitals can also be monitored with contact-based pulse oximetry [23], [24], [25], discussed next.”
A Method for Respiration Rate Detection in Wrist PPG Signal Using Holo-Hilbert Spectrum
Chang, H., Hsu, C.-C., Chen, C.-Y., Lee, W., Hsu, H.-T., Shyu, K., Yeh, J., Lin, P.-J., & Lee, P. (2018) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2018.2855974 · Cited by 35
Experimental evaluation of two new sensors for respiratory rate monitoring
Vegfors, M., Ugnell, H., Hök, B., Öberg, P. Å., & Lennmarken, C. (1993) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/14/2/008 · Cited by 34
Estimation of phase distortions of the photoplethysmographic signal in digital IIR filtering
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An Organic Electrochemical Transistor Integrated Photodetector for High Quality Photoplethysmogram Signal Acquisition
Zhong, Y., Koklu, A., Villalva, D. R., Zhang, Y., Hernandez, L. H., Moser, M., Hallani, R. K., McCulloch, I. A., Baran, D., & Inal, S. (2022) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202211479 · Cited by 33
Skin Capillary Appearance and Skin Microvascular Perfusion Due to Topical Application of Analgesia Cream
Arildsson, M. L., Asker, C. L., Salerud, E. G., & Tomas Strömberg, A. (2000) · Microvascular Research · doi:10.1006/mvre.1999.2206 · Cited by 32
Non-contact Reflection Photoplethysmography towards Effective Human Physiological Monitoring
Shi, P. A., Azorin-Peris, V., Echiadis, A., Zheng, J., Zhu, Y., Cheang, P.-Y., & Hu, S. (2010) · Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) · Cited by 32
A New Probe for Ankle Systolic Pressure Measurement Using Photoplethysmography (PPG)
J�nsson, B., Laurent, C. M., Skau, T., & Lindberg, L. (2005) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-005-8982-7 · Cited by 31
Ambiguity of mapping the relative phase of blood pulsations
Teplov, V., Nippolainen, E., Makarenko, A. A., Giniatullin, R. A., & Kamshilin, A. A. (2014) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.5.003123 · Cited by 30
Non-invasive Measurement of Blood Components
Kraitl, J., Klinger, D., Fricke, D., Timm, U., & Ewald, H. (2012) · Smart sensors, measurement and instrumentation · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32180-1_14 · Cited by 30
Advances in PPG Sensors Data Acquisition With Light-to-Digital Converters: A Review
Chettri, N., Aprile, A., Bonizzoni, E., & Malcovati, P. (2024) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2024.3420170 · Cited by 29
“…variability of a PPG signal: temperature fluctuations [29], LED placement (reflection mode or transmission mode) [30], [31], skin pigmentation and composition, arterial diameter, concentration and direction of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin [32], [33], [34], and site of measurement [35].”
Background
Using imaging photoplethysmography for heart rate estimation in non-human primates
Михайлович, У. А., Moeller, S., Kagan, I., Gail, A., Treue, S., & Wolf, F. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202581 · Cited by 29
PREHEAT: Precision heart rate monitoring from intense motion artifact corrupted PPG signals using constrained RLS and wavelets
Islam, M. S., Rabbi, M. S.-E., Dobaie, A. M., & Hasan, M. K. (2017) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2017.05.010 · Cited by 28
Skin thermophysiological effects of 448 kHz capacitive resistive monopolar radiofrequency in healthy adults: A randomised crossover study and comparison with pulsed shortwave therapy
Kumaran, B., & Watson, T. (2018) · Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1080/15368378.2017.1422260 · Cited by 28
Photoplethysmography for non-invasivein vivomeasurement of bone hemodynamics
Mateus, J., & Hargens, A. R. (2012) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/33/6/1027 · Cited by 28
LED Based Sensor System for Non-Invasive Measurement of the Hemoglobin Concentration in Human Blood
Timm, U., Lewis, E., McGrath, D., Kraitl, J., & Ewald, H. (2009) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92841-6_203 · Cited by 28
“[5] According to the assumption that red blood cells are mainly filled with water, the absorption coefficient of blood is similar to a solution consisting HHb, HbO2 and water (H2O) and the absorption of HHb and Hb02 is indistinguishable to the absorption of H2O above 1200nm, it is necessary to select a wavelength valu…”
Background
Development of a new analgesic index using nasal photoplethysmography
Choi, B., Park, C., Lee, Y. H., Shin, H., Lee, S. H., Jeong, S., Noh, G., & Lee, B. (2018) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.14327 · Cited by 27
“The AC component reflects variations in the blood volume below the sensor; the DC component represents the optical character of the underlying tissue and venous blood content [28, 29].”
Background

Authors: Kamal, A. A. R., Harness, J. B., Irving, G., & Mearns, A. J.
Affiliations: University of Bradford (GB)
Corresponding author: Harness, J.B.
Venue: Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1989-04
Volume: 28
Issue: 4
Pages: 257-269
ISSN: 0169-2607 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0169-2607(89)90159-4
OpenAlex: W2054173774
Cited by: 328
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 0.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
Keywords: photoplethysmography, skin blood flow, pulse counting, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, finger pulp, vascular bed
MeSH terms: Equipment Design, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Plethysmography, Regional Blood Flow, Skin

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Skin photoplethysmography — a review

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