Cited by 272Statistical Methods in Clinical TrialsOptimal Experimental Design MethodsAdvanced Causal Inference Techniques

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Randomization in clinical trials: Conclusions and recommendations

Open access

Lachin, John M., Matts, John P., Wei, L.J.·1988·Controlled Clinical Trials

DOI 10.1016/0197-2456(88)90049-9

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

The statistical properties of simple (complete) randomization, permuted-block (or simply blocked) randomization, and the urn adaptive biased-coin randomization are summarized. These procedures are contrasted to covariate adaptive procedures such as minimization and to response adaptive procedures such as the play-the-winner rule. General recommendations are offered regarding the use of complete, permuted-block, or urn randomization. In a large double-masked trial, any of these procedures may be acceptable. For a given trial, the relative merits of each procedure should be carefully weighed in relation to the characteristics of the trial. Important considerations are the size of the trial, overall as well as within the smallest subgroup to be employed in a subgroup-specific analysis, whether or not the trial is to be masked, and the resources needed to perform the proper randomization-based permutational analysis.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/0197-2456(88)90049-9

Cites

15 of 15 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Sequential treatment assignment with balancing for prognostic factors in the controlled clinical trial
Pocock, S. J., & Simon, R. (1975) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529712 · Cited by 2,350
Minimization: A new method of assigning patients to treatment and control groups
Taves, D. R. (1974) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt1974155443 · Cited by 891
The Randomized Play-the-Winner Rule in Medical Trials
Wei, L., & Durham, S. D. (1978) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1978.10480109 · Cited by 480
Self-citation
Play the Winner Rule and the Controlled Clinical Trial
Zelen, M. (1969) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1969.10500959 · Cited by 447
Properties of permuted-block randomization in clinical trials
Matts, J. P., & Lachin, J. M. (1988) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(88)90047-5 · Cited by 321 · cited 10×
“can be expressed as T1 = (1 - R)T, where T is the p roper blocked-stratified test statistic value [3].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Properties of the urn randomization in clinical trials
Wei, L. J., & Lachin, J. M. (1988) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(88)90048-7 · Cited by 308
Self-citation
Allocation of Patients to Treatment in Clinical Trials
Pocock, S. (1979) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529944 · Cited by 246
Statistical properties of randomization in clinical trials
Lachin, J. M. (1988) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(88)90045-1 · Cited by 200
Self-citation
Restricted Randomization Designs in Clinical Trials
Simon, R. M. (1979) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530354 · Cited by 178
Properties of simple randomization in clinical trials
Lachin, J. M. (1988) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(88)90046-3 · Cited by 175
Self-citation

Show all 13 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 272

Coping With an Embarrassment of Riches
Saver, J. L. (1995) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.26.7.1289 · Cited by 26
The Randomized Clinical Trial
Harrington, D. P. (2000) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2000.10473931 · Cited by 26
Simple randomization may lead to unequal group sizes. Is that a problem?
Shibasaki, W. M., & Martins, R. P. (2018) · American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics · doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.07.005 · Cited by 25
Web-based screening and brief intervention for poly-drug use among teenagers: study protocol of a multicentre two-arm randomized controlled trial
Arnaud, N., Bröning, S., Drechsel, M., Thomasius, R., & Baldus, C. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-826 · Cited by 25
Balancing multiple baseline characteristics in randomized clinical trials
Su, Z. (2011) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2011.03.004 · Cited by 25
Use of randomisation in clinical trials: a survey of UK practice
McPherson, G. C., Campbell, M., & Elbourne, D. R. (2012) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-198 · Cited by 25
The effects of extended-release injectable naltrexone and incentives for opiate abstinence in heroin-dependent adults in a model therapeutic workplace: A randomized trial
Jarvis, B. P., Holtyn, A. F., DeFulio, A., Koffarnus, M. N., Leoutsakos, J., Umbricht, A., Fingerhood, M., Bigelow, G. E., & Silverman, K. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.026 · Cited by 25
Minimization in randomized clinical trials
Coart, E., Bamps, P., Quinaux, E., Sturbois, G., Saad, E. D., Burzykowski, T., & Buyse, M. E. (2023) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.9916 · Cited by 24
The effect of Swedish massage on pain in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A randomized controlled trial
Sahraei, F., Rahemi, Z., Sadat, Z., Zamani, B., Ajorpaz, N. M., Afshar, M., & Mianehsaz, E. (2021) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101524 · Cited by 24
A New Proposal for Setting Parameter Values in Restricted Randomization Methods
Kundt, G. (2007) · Methods of Information in Medicine · doi:10.1160/me0398 · Cited by 24
Implementing an evidence-based computerized decision support system to improve patient care in a general hospital: the CODES study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Moja, L., Friz, H. P., Capobussi, M., Kwag, K. H., Banzi, R., Ruggiero, F. M., González‐Lorenzo, M., Liberati, E. G., Mangia, M., Nyberg, P. M., et al. (2015) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-016-0455-x · Cited by 25
Implementing an evidence-based computerized decision support system linked to electronic health records to improve care for cancer patients: the ONCO-CODES study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Moja, L., Passardi, A., Capobussi, M., Banzi, R., Ruggiero, F. M., Kwag, K. H., Liberati, E. G., Mangia, M., Kunnamo, I., Cinquini, M., et al. (2016) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-016-0514-3 · Cited by 26
The role of evidence‐based medicine and clinical trials in rare genetic disorders
Kruer, M. C., & Steiner, R. D. (2008) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01041.x · Cited by 24
Baseline Comparability in Clinical Trials: Prevention of “Poststudy Anxiety”
Enas, G. G., Enas, N. H., Spradlin, C. T., Wilson, M. G., & Wiltse, C. G. (1990) · Drug Information Journal · doi:10.1177/009286159002400312 · Cited by 24
Effectiveness of a Theory-Based mHealth Intervention for High-Risk Drinking in College Students
Kazemi, D. M., Borsari, B. E., Levine, M. J., Li, S., Shehab, M., Fang, F., & Norona, J. C. (2020) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2020.1756851 · Cited by 23
Multi-center clinical trials: Randomization and ancillary statistics
Zheng, L., & Zelen, M. (2008) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/07-aoas151 · Cited by 22
The Randomization Process
Friedman, L. M., Furberg, C. D., & DeMets, D. L. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1586-3_6 · Cited by 22
PEARLS randomized lifestyle trial in pregnant Hispanic women with overweight/obesity: gestational weight gain and offspring birthweight
Trak‐Fellermeier, M. A., Campos, M., Meléndez, M., Pomeroy, J. J., Palacios, C. S., Rivera-Viñas, J. I., Méndez, K., Febo, I. L., Willett, W. C., Gillman, M. W., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s179009 · Cited by 26
The Effects of a Health Care–Based Brief Intervention on Dating Abuse Perpetration: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Rothman, E. F., Stuart, G. L., Heeren, T., Paruk, J. K., & Bair‐Merritt, M. H. (2019) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-019-01054-w · Cited by 21
A systematic review of randomisation method use in RCTs and association of trial design characteristics with method selection
Bruce, C. L., Juszczak, E., Ogollah, R. O., Partlett, C., & Montgomery, A. A. (2022) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-022-01786-4 · Cited by 22
Binge-eating disorder treatment goes online – feasibility, usability, and treatment outcome of an Internet-based treatment for binge-eating disorder: study protocol for a three-arm randomized controlled trial including an immediate treatment, a waitlist, and a placebo control group
Munsch, S., Wyssen, A., Vanhulst, P., Lalanne, D., Steinemann, S. T., & Tuch, A. N. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3192-z · Cited by 25
Sleep slow oscillations favour local cortical plasticity underlying the consolidation of reinforced procedural learning in human sleep
Menicucci, D., Piarulli, A., Laurino, M., Zaccaro, A., Agrimi, J., & Gemignani, A. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13117 · Cited by 23
Implementation and experience of a web-based allocation system with Pocock and Simon's minimization methods
Cai, H., Xia, J. L., Gao, D. H., & Cao, X. M. (2010) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2010.07.009 · Cited by 19
MULTI-CENTER CLINICAL TRIALS: RANDOMIZATION AND ANCILLARY STATISTICSPreprint
Zheng, L., & Zelen, M. (2016) · Cited by 20
Post‐treatment endodontic pain following occlusal reduction in mandibular posterior teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and sensitivity to percussion: a single‐centre randomized controlled trial
Ahmed, Y. E., Emara, R. S., Sarhan, S. M., Boghdadi, R. M. E., El‐Bayoumi, M. A. A., El‐Far, H. M. M., Sabet, N. E., Nasr, H. M. A. E., Gawdat, S. I., & Amin, S. A. W. (2020) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.13328 · Cited by 19
A generic minimization random allocation and blinding system on web
Cai, H., Xia, J., Xu, D., Gao, D., & Yan, Y. (2006) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2006.02.015 · Cited by 19
Long-term behavior of double crown retained dentures with metal and metal-free secondary crowns and frameworks made of Vectris© on all-ceramic primary crowns: a prospective, randomized clinical trial up to 14 years
Zahn, T., Zahn, B., Janko, S., Weigl, P., Gerhardt‐Szép, S., & Lauer, H. (2015) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-015-1597-y · Cited by 19
Methodology and Application of Adaptive and Sequential Approaches in Contemporary Clinical Trials
Chen, Z., Zhao, Y., Cui, Y., & Kowalski, J. (2012) · Journal of Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1155/2012/527351 · Cited by 18
Has laparoscopic colorectal surgery become more cost-effective over time?
Aly, O. E., & Quayyum, Z. (2012) · International Journal of Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1007/s00384-012-1410-1 · Cited by 18
Randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of ozone therapy as treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Ragab, A., Shreef, E., Behairy, E. A., Zalat, S. I., & NOAMAN, M. S. R. E. A.-E.-K. S. H. (2008) · The Journal of Laryngology & Otology · doi:10.1017/s0022215108003770 · Cited by 18
Saddlepoint $$p$$ p -values and confidence intervals for the class of linear rank tests for censored data under generalized randomized block design
Abd‐Elfattah, E. F. (2015) · Computational Statistics · doi:10.1007/s00180-014-0551-9 · Cited by 17
Online focus groups: a valuable alternative for hospitality research?
Richard, B. M., Sivo, S. A., Orlowski, M., Ford, R., Murphy, J., Boote, D. N., & Witta, E. L. (2018) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-11-2017-0715 · Cited by 20
Electricity Prices and Consumer Behavior, Case Study Serbia—Randomized Control Trials Method
Podbregar, I., Filipović, S., Radovanović, M., Isaeva, O. M., & Šprajc, P. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14030591 · Cited by 17
When staff handle Staph
Verhoeven, F. (2009) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036528689 · Cited by 17
Log-rank tests for censored clustered data under generalized randomized block design: Saddlepoint approximation
El-Raheem, A. E.-R. M. A., & Abd‐Elfattah, E. F. (2020) · Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics · doi:10.1080/10543406.2020.1858310 · Cited by 16
Software Development Effort Estimation — Demystifying and Improving Expert Estimation
Jørgensen, M., & Grimstad, S. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01156-6_26 · Cited by 16
The Role of Random Allocation in Randomized Controlled Trials: Distinguishing Selection Bias from Baseline Imbalance
Fives, A., Russell, D. W., Kearns, N., Lyons, R., Eaton, P., Canavan, J., Devaney, C., & O'Brien, A. (2013) · Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation · doi:10.56645/jmde.v9i20.371 · Cited by 16
Random allocation and dynamic allocation randomization
Kang, H. (2017) · Anesthesia and Pain Medicine · doi:10.17085/apm.2017.12.3.201 · Cited by 15
Evaluation of a male-specific psychotherapeutic program for major depressive disorder compared to cognitive behavioral therapy and waitlist: study protocol for a six-arm randomized clinical superiority trial examining depressed eugonadal and hypogonadal men receiving testosterone
Walther, A., Ehlert, U., Schneeberger, M., Eggenberger, L., Flückiger, C., Komlenac, N., Heald, A. H., Rice, T., Palm, S., Seidler, Z. E., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1129386 · Cited by 15
Randomized Clinical Trials in Stroke Research
Ahn, C. W., & Ahn, D. H. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.2310/jim.0b013e3181c9b2d4 · Cited by 15
Perinatal Outcomes in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Women With Mild Gestational Diabetes
Berggren, E. K., Mele, L., Landon, M. B., Spong, C. Y., Ramin, S. M., Casey, B. M., Wapner, R. J., Varner, M. W., Rouse, D. J., SCISCIONE, A. C., et al. (2012) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e31827049a5 · Cited by 14
Adaptive enrichment designs: applications and challenges
Simon, N. (2015) · Clinical Investigation · doi:10.4155/cli.15.9 · Cited by 15
Effects of an 8-week multimodal exercise program on ground reaction forces and plantar pressure during walking in boys with autism spectrum disorder
Dehghani, M., Jafarnezhadgero, A., Darvishani, M. A., Aali, S., & Granacher, U. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07158-7 · Cited by 14
Randomization in clinical trials: stratification or minimization? The HERMES free simulation software
Chabouis, H. F., Chabouis, F., Gillaizeau, F., Durieux, P., Châtellier, G., Ruse, N. D., & Attal, J. (2013) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-013-0949-8 · Cited by 14
Applying Lessons Learned From COVID-19 Therapeutic Trials to Improve Future ALI/ARDS Trials
Wu, Q., Pennini, M. E., Bergmann, J. N., Kozak, M., Herring, K. D., Sciarretta, K. L., & Armstrong, K. L. (2022) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac381 · Cited by 14
Drug use and HIV risk outcomes in opioid-injecting men in the Republic of Georgia: Behavioral treatment+naltrexone compared to usual care
Otiashvili, D., Kirtadze, I., O’Grady, K. E., & Jones, H. E. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.012 · Cited by 14
The Randomization Process
Friedman, L. M., Furberg, C. D., DeMets, D. L., Reboussin, D. M., & Granger, C. B. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18539-2_6 · Cited by 13
Randomizing research participants: Promoting balance and concealment in small samples
Matthews, E. E., Cook, P. F., Terada, M., & Aloia, M. S. (2010) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.20375 · Cited by 13
Reihe Epidemiologi 6:
Schulz, K. F., & Grimes, D. A. (2007) · Zeitschrift für ärztliche Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen - German Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.zgesun.2007.05.027 · Cited by 13
Blocking for Sequential Political Experiments
Moore, R. T., & Moore, S. A. (2013) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpt007 · Cited by 13
Design of a randomized controlled trial of comprehensive rehabilitation in patients with myocardial infarction, stabilized acute coronary syndrome, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting: Akershus Comprehensive Cardiac Rehabilitation Trial (the CORE Study)
Pater, C., Jacobsen, C. D., Rollag, A., Sandvik, L., Erikssen, J., & Kogstad, E. K. (2000) · Trials · doi:10.1186/cvm-1-3-177 · Cited by 13
Model-Robust Inference for Clinical Trials that Improve Precision by Stratified Randomization and Covariate AdjustmentPreprint
Wang, B., Susukida, R., Mojtabai, R., Amin‐Esmaeili, M., & Rosenblum, M. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1910.13954 · Cited by 13
Assessing the quality of randomization methods in randomized control trials
Lai, D., Wang, D., McGillivray, M., Baajour, S. A., Raja, A. S., & He, S. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.hjdsi.2021.100570 · Cited by 12
A Randomized Pilot Study of Inositol in Association with Betaine and Boswellia in the Management of Mastalgia and Benign Breast Lump in Premenopausal Women
Pasta, V., Dinicola, S., Giuliani, A., Harrath, A. H., Alwasel, S. H., Tartaglia, F., Cucina, A., & Bizzarri, M. (2016) · Breast Cancer Basic and Clinical Research · doi:10.4137/bcbcr.s38408 · Cited by 12
Antisense Therapeutics in Oncology: Points to Consider in Their Clinical Evaluation
Mani, S., Gu, Y., Wadler, S., & Fingert, H. J. (1999) · Antisense and Nucleic Acid Drug Development · doi:10.1089/oli.1.1999.9.543 · Cited by 12
Disclosure of HIV/AIDS status to infected children in Ghana – A north-south comparison of barriers and enablers
Appiah, S. C. Y., Ivanova, O., Höelscher, M., Kroidl, I., & Dapaah, J. M. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105753 · Cited by 11
Inference after covariate-adaptive randomisation: aspects of methodology and theory
Shao, J. (2021) · Statistical Theory and Related Fields · doi:10.1080/24754269.2021.1871873 · Cited by 11
Considerations for Evidence Frameworks in Education Research
Taylor, J. A., Davis, E. B., & Michaelson, L. (2021) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x20985077 · Cited by 11
The Randomization Process
Friedman, L. M., Furberg, C. D., & DeMets, D. L. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2915-3_5 · Cited by 11
Correlates of interpersonal emotion regulation problems in Loss of Control eating (LOC) in youth: study protocol of the combined online and App based questionnaire, laboratory and randomized controlled online intervention i-BEAT trial
Munsch, S., Forrer, F., Naas, A., Mueller, V., Rubo, M., Hannoun, F., & Mugellini, E. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00690-8 · Cited by 8
“Youth with LOC participating in study 3 are randomized according to a permuted block design [46] to CBT-E or INTER-E first.”
Method
Evidence-based technical skills training in pre-practicum psychological assessment.
Callahan, J. L. (2014) · Training and Education in Professional Psychology · doi:10.1037/tep0000061 · Cited by 10
Best practices for design and implementation of human clinical trials studying dietary oils
MacKay, D., Jew, S., & Jones, P. J. H. (2016) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2016.10.003 · Cited by 10
Minimal sufficient balance randomization for sequential randomized controlled trial designs: results from the ESCAPE trial
Sajobi, T. T., Singh, G., Lowerison, M. W., Engbers, J. D. T., Menon, B. K., Demchuk, A. M., Goyal, M., & Hill, M. D. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2264-1 · Cited by 9
Interdependent Cross-Age Peer Tutoring in Mathematics
Zeneli, M., Tymms, P. B., & Bolden, D. S. (2018) · International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies · doi:10.17220/ijpes.2018.03.004 · Cited by 9
A randomized clinical trial to determine the effect of angiotensin inhibitors reduction on creatinine clearance and haemoglobin in heart failure patients with chronic kidney disease and anaemia
Pita‐Fernández, S., Fernández, T. C., Juega-Puig, J., Seoane‐Pillado, T., López‐Calviño, B., Pértega-Díaz, S., Andrade, J. D. P., & Gil-Guillén, V. F. (2014) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12475 · Cited by 9
Statistical inference of adaptive randomized clinical trials for personalized medicine
Hu, F., Hu, Y., Ma, W., Zhang, L., & Zhu, H. (2015) · Clinical Investigation · doi:10.4155/cli.15.15 · Cited by 9
Impact of minimal sufficient balance, minimization, and stratified permuted blocks on bias and power in the estimation of treatment effect in sequential clinical trials with a binary endpoint
Lauzon, S. D., Zhao, W., Nietert, P. J., Ciolino, J. D., Hill, M. D., & Ramakrishnan, V. (2021) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/09622802211055856 · Cited by 8
Properties of randomization in clinical trials: Foreword
Lachin, J. M. (1988) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(88)90044-x · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) for Young People in Treatment for Non-opioid Drug Abuse: A Systematic Review
Filges, T., Rasmussen, P. S., Andersen, D., & Jørgensen, A. K. (2015) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.4073/csr.2015.8 · Cited by 14
How important is exact balance in treatment and control sample sizes to evaluations?
Elliott, M. N., McCaffrey, D. F., & Lockwood, J. R., III (2007) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.12.007 · Cited by 8
Effects of weight loss and weight loss maintenance on cardiac autonomic function in obesity: a randomized controlled trial
McGee, J. E., Early, K. S., Huff, A. C., Clunan, M. C., Hursey, N. R., Osborne, B. G., Bucher, C., Tanner, C. J., Brewer, S. B., Brophy, P. M., et al. (2023) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2023-0025 · Cited by 7
Weighted re‐randomization tests for minimization with unbalanced allocation
Han, B., Yu, M., & McEntegart, D. J. (2013) · Pharmaceutical Statistics · doi:10.1002/pst.1577 · Cited by 7
Patient And phaRmacit Telephonic Encounters (PARTE) in an Underserved Rural Population with Asthma: Methods and Rationale
Young, H. N., Havican, S. N., Chewning, B. A., Sorkness, C. A., Ruppel, X., & Griesbach, S. A. (2011) · INNOVATIONS in pharmacy · doi:10.24926/iip.v2i3.232 · Cited by 7
Influence and prioritization of non-epistemic values in clinical trial designs: a study of Ebola ça Suffit trial
Varghese, J. (2018) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-018-01912-0 · Cited by 7
StreamingBandit: Experimenting with Bandit Policies
Kruijswijk, J., van Emden, R., Parvinen, P. M. T., & Kaptein, M. C. (2020) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v094.i09 · Cited by 7
On Errors in Stratified Randomization
Ke, C., Wang, J., Zhang, C., Jiang, Q., & Snapinn, S. M. (2017) · Statistics in Biopharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1080/19466315.2016.1270229 · Cited by 6
An Endurance-Dominated Exercise Program Improves Maximum Oxygen Consumption, Ground Reaction Forces, and Muscle Activities in Patients With Moderate Diabetic Neuropathy
Jafarnezhadgero, A., Mamashli, E., & Granacher, U. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.654755 · Cited by 6
Clinical Trials, Overview
Meinert, C. L. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118445112.stat05003 · Cited by 7
Principles and methods of randomization in research
Fowler, K. L., & Fleming, M. D. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90300-4.00038-0 · Cited by 6
Implementing online interventions in ICare: A biostatistical perspective
Görlich, D., & Faldum, A. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.12.004 · Cited by 5
The Effect of Holy Qur'an Recitation on the Quality of Sleep Among Elderly Residing in Nursing Homes
Hossini, A., Azimian, J., Motalebi, S. A., & Mohammadi, F. (2017) · Salmand · doi:10.32598/sija.13.10.280 · Cited by 5
Analysis of contemporary epidemiological study research design formats on addressing functional food efficacy
Agarwal, P., Rutter, E., & Martirosyan, D. M. (2021) · Functional Food Science · doi:10.31989/ffs.v1i12.882 · Cited by 5
Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage—cerebral vasospasm and prophylactic ibuprofen: a randomised controlled pilot trial protocol
Dayyani, M., Mohammadi, E. M., Ashoorion, V., Sadeghirad, B., Yekta, M. J., Grotta, J. C., Gonzalez, N. R., & Zabihyan, S. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058895 · Cited by 5
Combining Proof-of-Concept With Dose-Finding: Utilization of Adaptive Designs in Migraine Clinical Trials
Sagkriotis, A., & Scholpp, J. (2008) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01595.x · Cited by 5
Randomized Treatment Assignment
Wittes, J. T. (2005) · Encyclopedia of Biostatistics · doi:10.1002/0470011815.b2a01050 · Cited by 5
A randomized clinical trial to evaluate feasibility, tolerability, and preliminary target engagement for a novel executive working memory training in adolescents with ADHD
Sullivan, A. J., Anderson, J., Beatty, M., Choi, J., Jaccard, J. J., Hawkins, K. A., Pearlson, G. D., & Stevens, M. C. G. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104615 · Cited by 6
Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study of Low-Dose Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Administration Beginning From the Early Follicular Phase for Women With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Undergoing Ovarian Stimulation Using the Progesterone Protocol
Zhu, X., & Fu, Y. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00875 · Cited by 4
Prescribed exercise to Reduce Recidivism After Weight Loss-Pilot (PREVAIL-P): Design, methods and rationale
Swift, D. L., McGee, J. E., Huff, A. C., Clunan, M. C., Gniewek, N. R., Brown, T. T., Osborne, B. G., Bucher, C., Tanner, C. J., Barefoot, S. G., et al. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100717 · Cited by 4
Saddlepoint p-values for a class of nonparametric tests for the current status and panel count data under generalized permuted block design
El-Raheem, A. E.-R. M. A., & Hosny, M. M. (2023) · AIMS Mathematics · doi:10.3934/math.2023960 · Cited by 4
Study protocol of an equivalence randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of three different approaches to collecting Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) data using the Prostate Cancer Outcomes Registry-Victoria (PCOR-VIC)
Hoque, D. M. E., Sampurno, F., Ruseckaite, R., Lorgelly, P. K., & Evans, S. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-1981-1 · Cited by 4
Vitamins C and E to Prevent Complications of Pregnancy-Associated Hypertension
&NA; (2011) · Survey of Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/01.sa.0000396287.60729.35 · Cited by 4
SEQUENTIALLY ADJUSTED RANDOMIZATION TO FORCE BALANCE IN CONTROLLED TRIALS WITH UNKNOWN PREVALENCE OF COVARIATES: APPLICATION TO ALCOHOLISM RESEARCH
Müller, M. J., Scheurich, A., Wetzel, H., Szegedi, A., & Hautzinger, M. (2005) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agh131 · Cited by 4
Comments on Bothe, Davidow, Bramlett, Franic, and Ingham (2006)
Meline, T. J., & Harn, W. E. (2008) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2008/009 · Cited by 4
Affordable Uplift: Supervised Randomization in Controlled ExperimentsPreprint
Haupt, J., Jacob, D., Gubela, R. M., & Lessmann, S. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1910.00393 · Cited by 4
Adaptive Randomization Method to Prevent Extreme Instances of Group Size and Covariate Imbalance in Stroke Trials
Italiano, D., Campbell, B. C. V., Hill, M. D., Johns, H. T., & Churilov, L. P. (2024) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.123.046269 · Cited by 3
Clinical Trials and Outcome Measures in Adults With Hearing Loss
Munro, K. J., Whitmer, W. M., & Heinrich, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733060 · Cited by 3
The use of enhanced intrinsic feedback for motor learning in stroke survivors: Clinical trial protocol
Rajda, C. M., Feldman, A. G., Boudrias, M., Archambault, P. S., Berman, S., Wein, T. H., & Levin, M. F. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107236 · Cited by 3
Bias in kontrollierten Studien
Schmucker, C. M., Meerpohl, J. J., & Blümle, A. (2019) · Der Radiologe · doi:10.1007/s00117-019-0572-z · Cited by 3
Permutation tests following restricted randomization procedures
Kalish, L. A. (1990) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(90)90007-o · Cited by 3
Randomized Sequential Individual Assignment in Social Experiments: Evaluating the Design Options Prospectively
Lohr, S. L., & Zhu, X. (2015) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124115621332 · Cited by 3

Authors: Lachin, J. M., Matts, J. P., & Wei, L. J.
Affiliations: George Washington University (US)
University of Minnesota (US)
University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author: Lachin, John M.
ORCID: Lachin, John M.
Wei, L.J.
Venue: Controlled Clinical Trials
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1988-12
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Pages: 365-374
ISSN: 0197-2456 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0197-2456(88)90049-9
OpenAlex: W2001307401
Cited by: 272
References: 13
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 2.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Controlled Clinical Trials (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01am027769-05, 5r01dk039826-05)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01-DK-39826, N01-DK-2-2206)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Optimal Experimental Design Methods
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Keywords: randomization, permuted block randomization, covariate-adaptive randomization, minimization, response-adaptive randomization, subgroup analysis
MeSH terms: Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Random Allocation, Research Design, Models, Statistical

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Randomization in clinical trials: Conclusions and recommendations

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks