The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reactive microglia in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type are positive for the histocompatibility glycoprotein HLA-DR
Abstract
HLA-DR is a class II cell surface glycoprotein of the human histocompatibility complex usually expressed on the surface of cells that are simultaneously presenting foreign antigen to T-lymphocytes. Using immunohistochemical procedures with two specific monoclonal antibodies to HLA-DR, HLA-DR-positive reactive microglia were found in gray matter throughout the cortex of postmortem brains of patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) and were particularly concentrated in the areas of senile plaque formation. Double immunostaining with antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) showed that the HLA-DR-positive cells were different from the reactive astrocytes although the occasional positively staining giant astrocyte was also seen. Small numbers of resting microglia were HLA-DR-positive in white matter of both normal and SDAT brains. The SDAT cases also had reduced cortical choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) levels. In the 11 brains studied, the number of hippocampal HLA-DR-positive cells was positively correlated with the numbers of plaques and negatively correlated with average cortical ChAT.
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In the citing paper
“AD is accompanied by activation of microglia and astrocytes1,2 that affects the clearance and production of Aβ42,3,4 development and propagation of tau pathology,5 exacerbates neurodegeneration, and influences disease progression and severity.6,7”
From CSF biomarkers of neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction in early Alzheimer disease (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Reactive gliosis and neural inflammation are hallmarks of AD4,122–125.”
From Microglial signatures and their role in health and disease (2018) · cites this paper as [122]
In the citing paper
“Microglia in AD have long been known to acquire what is typically considered a “reactive” morphology, with short, thick, and poorly ramified processes [67–69].”
From Microglial dysfunction in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease (2014) · cites this paper as [69]
Citations
Cites
Handbook of Histopathological and Histochemical Techniques
(1974) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-04011-x · Cited by 508
THE DETAILED DISTRIBUTION OF MHC CLASS II ANTIGENS IN NORMAL HUMAN ORGANS
Daar, A. S., Fuggle, S., Fabre, J. W., Ting, A., & Morris, P. J. (1984) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/00007890-198409000-00019 · Cited by 432
Lampson, L. A., & Hickey, W. F. (1986) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.136.11.4054 · Cited by 230
Interferon-γ induces the expression of H-2 and Ia antigens on brain cells
Wong, G. H., Bartlett, P. F., Clark‐Lewis, I., McKimm‐Breschkin, J. L., & Schrader, J. W. (1984) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(84)80026-0 · Cited by 181
Distribution of choline acetyltransferase-containing neurons of the hypothalamus
Tago, H., McGeer, P. L., Bruce, G., & Hersh, L. B. (1987) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)90268-x · Cited by 142
Self-citationMizukawa, K., McGeer, P. L., Tago, H., Peng, J. H., McGeer, E. G., & Kimura, H. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)90253-2 · Cited by 120
Self-citationDemonstration of HLA-DR antigens in normal human brain.
de Tribolet, N., Hamou, M., Mach, J. P., Carrel, S., & Schreyer, M. (1984) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.47.4.417 · Cited by 57
Immunofluorescence studies of the monocytes in the injured rat brain
Tsuchihashi, Y., Kitamura, T., & Fujita, S. (1981) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00688024 · Cited by 48
McGeer, E. G., Singh, E. A., & McGeer, P. L. (1987) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198701000-00005 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- McGeer, 1987, Biochemistry and pathology of the basal ganglia, Can. J. Neurol. Sci., 19
- del Rio Hortega, 1932, Microglia, Vol. 2, 483
- Tago, H., McGeer, P.L., Bruce, G. and Hersh, L.B., Distribution of cholineacetyltransferase-containing neurons of the hypothalamus, Brain Res., in press.
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Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms
Block, M. L., Zecca, L., & Hong, J.-S. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2038 · Cited by 4,110
Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here?
Leng, F., & Edison, P. (2021) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-020-00435-y · Cited by 3,179
TREM2 Lipid Sensing Sustains the Microglial Response in an Alzheimer’s Disease Model
Wang, Y., Cella, M., Mallinson, K., Ulrich, J. D., Young, K. L., Robinette, M. L., Gilfillan, S., Krishnan, G. M., Sudhakar, S., Zinselmeyer, B. H., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.049 · Cited by 1,736
Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development
Zhang, W., Xiao, D., Mao, Q., & Xia, H. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01486-5 · Cited by 1,668
Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: Multiple triggers with a common mechanism
Block, M. L., & Hong, J.-S. (2005) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.004 · Cited by 1,557
Metadata
- Authors
- McGeer, P. L., Itagaki, S., Tago, H., & McGeer, E. G.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- McGeer, Patrick L.
- ORCID
- McGeer, Patrick L.
- Venue
- Neuroscience Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1987-08
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 195-200
- ISSN
- 0304-3940 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2074274825
- Cited by
- 836
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 14.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- reactive microglia, HLA-DR, senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques, glial fibrillary acidic protein, astrocytes, choline acetyltransferase, hippocampus, neuroinflammation
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Cerebral Cortex, Hippocampus, HLA-D Antigens, HLA-DR Antigens, Humans, Neuroglia
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