Reactive microglia express class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigens in Alzheimer's disease
Abstract
Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (HLA-A,B,C) and class II (HLA-DR) antigens was studied in postmortem brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease and age-matched control cases. Monoclonal antibodies to class I antigens stained reactive microglia weakly to moderately and vascular endothelial cells strongly in Alzheimer's gray and white matter. Capillaries were also stained strongly in control brains, but only a few positively stained microglia could be observed in white matter. In Alzheimer cases, HLA-DR positive reactive microglia were more numerous and more strongly staining than MHC class I positive reactive microglia but many cells appeared to express both classes of antigen. Rare large cells of uncertain origin also stained positively for class I. Double immunostaining established that MHC class I positive cells were a separate population from glial fibrillary acidic-protein-positive astrocytes.
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Plaque-associated microglia contain intracellular Aβ, show proinflammatory morphological changes, and have increased proinflammatory markers including MHC II, CD36, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF.
“They contain intracellular Aβ, suggesting phagocytosis31, show proinflammatory morphological changes such as somatic swelling and process shortening (Fig. 2c), and have increased proinflammatory markers including major histocompatibility complex II, CD36, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF32,33.”
From Microglia in neurodegeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Tooyama, I., Kimura, H., Akiyama, H., & McGeer, P. L.
- Affiliations
- Shiga University of Medical Science (JP)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- McGeer, P.L.
- Venue
- Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1990-07
- Volume
- 523
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 273-280
- ISSN
- 0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1999499766
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, reactive microglia, major histocompatibility complex, MHC class I, MHC class II, HLA-DR, HLA-ABC, microglial activation, vascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, glial fibrillary acidic protein, double immunostaining, postmortem brain
- MeSH terms
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, Brain, Cell Aggregation, HLA-DR Antigens, Humans, Reference Values, Temporal Lobe, HLA-A Antigens, HLA-B Antigens, HLA-C Antigens, Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
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