The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds
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Integrity signals
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Such methods are rarely considered by financial economists who prefer econometric, often linear methods (Campbell & Thompson, 2008; Fama & French, 1993, 2012).”
From Bridging the divide in financial market forecasting: machine learners vs. financial economists (2016) · cites this paper as Fama & French, 1993
In the citing paper
“Fama and French (1993) argue that the risk of common stock investments can be parsimoniously summarized as risk related to the market, firm size, and a firm's book-to-market ratio.”
From Trading Is Hazardous to Your Wealth: The Common Stock Investment Performance of Individual Investors (2000) · cites this paper as Fama and French (1993)
In the citing paper
“The threefactor model provides a reasonable adjustment for this small stock tilt.”
From Trading Is Hazardous to Your Wealth: The Common Stock Investment Performance of Individual Investors (2000) · cites this paper as Fama and French (1993)
Citations
Cites
CAPITAL ASSET PRICES: A THEORY OF MARKET EQUILIBRIUM UNDER CONDITIONS OF RISK*
Sharpe, W. F. (1964) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1964.tb02865.x · Cited by 19,441
The Cross‐Section of Expected Stock Returns
FAMA, E. F., & FRENCH, K. R. (1992) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1992.tb04398.x · Cited by 17,261
Self-citationRisk, Return, and Equilibrium: Empirical Tests
Fama, E. F., & MacBeth, J. D. (1973) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/260061 · Cited by 14,258
Self-citationLintner, J. (1965) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.2307/1924119 · Cited by 7,888
The arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing
Ross, S. A. (1976) · Journal of Economic Theory · doi:10.1016/0022-0531(76)90046-6 · Cited by 7,081
Lintner, J. (1975) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-780850-5.50018-6 · Cited by 6,747
An Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model
Merton, R. C. (1973) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1913811 · Cited by 6,559
The relationship between return and market value of common stocks
Banz, R. W. (1981) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(81)90018-0 · Cited by 6,138
Economic Forces and the Stock Market
Chen, N., Roll, R. W., & Ross, S. A. (1986) · The Journal of Business · doi:10.1086/296344 · Cited by 5,408
FAMA, E. F. (1991) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1991.tb04636.x · Cited by 5,350
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Agrawal, 1991, The post-merger performance of acquired firms: A re-examination of an anomaly, Journal of Finance
- Roll,, 1983, Vas ist das? The turn-of-the-year effect and the return premia of small firms, Journal of Portfolio Management, 9, 18
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,028 of 1,028
Anomalies across the globe: Once public, no longer existent?
Jacobs, H., & Müller, S. (2019) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.06.004 · Cited by 217
The impact of information security breaches: Has there been a downward shift in costs?
Gordon, L. A., Loeb, M. P., & Zhou, L. (2011) · Journal of Computer Security · doi:10.3233/jcs-2009-0398 · Cited by 225
Anomalies and False Rejections
Chordia, T., Goyal, A., & Saretto, A. (2017) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3017677 · Cited by 213
Bridging the divide in financial market forecasting: machine learners vs. financial economists
Hsu, M.-W., Lessmann, S., Sung, M.-C., Ma, T., & Johnson, J. E. V. (2016) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2016.05.033 · Cited by 195
A trend factor: any economic gains from using information over investment horizons?
Han, Y., Zhou, G., & Zhu, Y. (2016) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2016.01.029 · Cited by 202
Factor Models, Machine Learning, and Asset Pricing
Giglio, S., Kelly, B., & Xiu, D. (2022) · Annual Review of Financial Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-financial-101521-104735 · Cited by 187
ESG Preference, Institutional Trading, and Stock Return Patterns
Cao, J., Titman, S., Zhan, X., & Zhang, W. (2023) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.1017/s0022109022000916 · Cited by 178
Do Portfolio Distortions Reflect Superior Information or Psychological Biases?
Korniotis, G. M., & Kumar, A. (2013) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.1017/s0022109012000610 · Cited by 166
A neural network with a case based dynamic window for stock trading prediction
Chang, P.-C., Liu, C.-H., Lin, J.-L., Fan, C.-Y., & Ng, C. S. P. (2009) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2008.08.077 · Cited by 160
The impact of the Morningstar Sustainability Rating on mutual fund flows
Ammann, M., Bauer, C., Fischer, S., & Müller, P. (2019) · European Financial Management · doi:10.1111/eufm.12181 · Cited by 145
Assessment of Chinese green funds: performance and industry allocation
Jin, J., & Han, L. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.211 · Cited by 115
Stock selection with random forest: An exploitation of excess return in the Chinese stock market
Tan, Z., Yan, Z., & Zhu, G. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02310 · Cited by 107
Sentiment trading with large language models
Kirtac, K., & Germano, G. (2024) · Finance Research Letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2024.105227 · Cited by 115
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs): A review of pricing determinants, applications and opportunities
Kräussl, R., & Tugnetti, A. (2024) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12597 · Cited by 96
Machine Learning Versus Economic Restrictions: Evidence from Stock Return Predictability
Avramov, D., Cheng, S., & Metzker, L. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3450322 · Cited by 74
Operational leanness and retail firm performance since 1980
Kroes, J. R., Manikas, A. S., & Gattiker, T. F. (2018) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.01.006 · Cited by 71
“To examine a retail firm’s relative market performance, we employ the stock-response modeling approach utilized by Modi and Mishra (2011) and Alan et al. (2014) in which they compare firms’ stock market returns in excess of the return expectations predicted using the Fama and French (1993) model.”
MethodEmpirical asset pricing via machine learning: evidence from the European stock market
Drobetz, W., & Otto, T. (2021) · Journal of Asset Management · doi:10.1057/s41260-021-00237-x · Cited by 61
“Most prominently, Fama and French (1993) propose a multifactor alternative to the CAPM and find that it is better at explaining cross-sectional variation in expected returns than the CAPM.”
BackgroundSustainable mutual fund performance and flow in the recent years through the COVID-19 pandemic
Fang, F., & Parida, S. (2022) · International Review of Financial Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2022.102387 · Cited by 51
Gerritsen, D. F. (2016) · International Review of Financial Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2016.06.008 · Cited by 32
Afrifa, G. A., Alshehabi, A., Tingbani, I., & Halabi, H. (2021) · Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting · doi:10.1007/s11156-020-00903-y · Cited by 26
Corporate Governance and Costs of Equity: Theory and Evidence
Li, D., & Li, E. X. N. (2018) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2016.2570 · Cited by 22
Discretionary Information in ESG Investing: A Text Analysis of Mutual Fund Prospectuses
Andrikogiannopoulou, A., Krueger, P., Mitali, S. F., & Papakonstantinou, F. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4082263 · Cited by 18
Unlocking ESG Premium from Options
Cao, J., Goyal, A., Zhan, X., & Zhang, W. E. (2023) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3878123 · Cited by 16
Gao, P., Li, Y., Liu, W., Yuan, C., Lee, P. T. W., & Long, S. (2024) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-08-2023-0541 · Cited by 13
Predictability and the cross section of expected returns: evidence from the European stock market
Drobetz, W., Haller, R., Jasperneite, C., & Otto, T. (2019) · Journal of Asset Management · doi:10.1057/s41260-019-00138-0 · Cited by 8
The More, the Better? Predicting Stock Returns with Local and Global Data
Cakici, N., & Zaremba, A. (2025) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5181449 · Cited by 2
Empirical Asset Pricing via Machine Learning: The Role of Research Design Choices
Lalwani, V., Meshram, V., & Jindal, V. (2026) · European Financial Management · doi:10.1111/eufm.70033
Energy Market: Assessment of Global and Local Market Volatility Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic
Hajiyev, N. O., Abdullayeva, E. J., Musayeva, J. G., Istomina, A., & Vityutina, T. (2023) · Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1007/s40866-023-00170-5
Metadata
- Authors
- Fama, E. F., & French, K. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fama, Eugene F.
- Venue
- Journal of Financial Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1993-02
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-56
- ISSN
- 0304-405X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1995834279
- Cited by
- 25,754
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1224 · 2025: 1368 · 2024: 1316 · 2023: 1281 · 2022: 1315 · 2021: 1369 · 2020: 1403 · 2019: 1352 · 2018: 1300 · 2017: 1347 · 2016: 1220 · 2015: 1238 · 2014: 1204 · 2013: 1086 · 2012: 1223
- FWCI
- 45.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Financial Economics (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Financial Markets and Investment Strategies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Accounting › Financial Analysis and Corporate Governance
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Financial Risk and Volatility Modeling
- Keywords
- shared risk factors, stock returns, bond returns, market factors, firm size, book-to-market equity, bond maturity, default risk, asset pricing
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