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Oxygenation dependence of the transverse relaxation time of water protons in whole blood at high field
Abstract
At high and medium magnetic field, the transverse NMR relaxation rate (T-1(2)) of water proteins in blood is determined predominantly by the oxygenation state of haemoglobin. T-1(2) depends quadratically on the field strength and on the proportion of haemoglobin that is deoxygenated. Deoxygenation increases the volume magnetic susceptibility within the erythrocytes and thus creates local field gradients around these cells. From volume susceptibility measurements and the dependence of T-1(2) on the pulse rate in the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill experiment, we show that the increase in T-1(2) with increasing blood deoxygenation arises from diffusion of water through these field gradients.
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“What causes the BOLD effect is the varying concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin relative to the total hemoglobin that is either deoxygenated or oxygenated (123).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [123]
In the citing paper
“As a result, the concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin decreases in capillary and venous vessels, reducing the paramagnetic susceptibility effect and thus increasing the T2*-weighted signal (123).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [123]
In the citing paper
“Because fMRI signal intensity is sensitive to the amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin (5-7), this change in blood oxygen content at the site of increased brain activity can be detected with fMRI.”
From A default mode of brain function (2001) · cites this paper as [5]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Thulborn, K. R., Waterton, J. C., Matthews, P. M., & Radda, G. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1982-02
- Volume
- 714
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 265-270
- ISSN
- 0304-4165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1980086703
- Cited by
- 1,134
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 1.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › NMR spectroscopy and applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Advanced NMR Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- T2 relaxation, water protons, whole blood, hemoglobin oxygenation, volume magnetic susceptibility, erythrocytes, diffusion, high magnetic fields, NMR relaxation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Body Water, Erythrocytes, Hematocrit, Hemoglobins, Male, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Oxygen, Protons, Rabbits, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats
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