Experimental demonstration of the violation of local realism without Bell inequalities
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We report on a two-photon coincidence experiment that demonstrates the violation of local realism, as defined by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen, by about 45 standard deviations without explicit use of Bell inequalities. The experiment is an implementation of ideas put forward by Hardy and Jordan; it depends on showing that certain coincidence rates are zero while another rate is non-zero.
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The original Hardy proposal was experimentally demonstrated by Torgerson et al. (1995) and White et al. (1999), with results fed into inequalities derived for imperfections under the fair sampling assumption.
“The original proposal was experimentally demonstrated by Torgerson et al. (1995) and White et al.(1999)); as in the GHZ-type experiments, the results of the experiments were fed into specific inequalities, specially derived to take into account experimental imperfections (under the fair sampling assumption, of course).”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Torgerson et al. (1995)
Several optical experiments have controllably generated non-maximally entangled states via post-selection, i.e., selective measurement of a product state, after the state had been produced.
“there have been several optical experiments where non-maximally entangled states were controllably generated via post-selection , i.e., selective measurement of a product state, after the state had been produced [18,19].”
From Nonmaximally Entangled States: Production, Characterization, and Utilization (1999) · cites this paper as [19]
In those post-selection experiments, the underlying state is factorizable and so is not truly entangled.
“However, the underlying state is factorizable, and so is not truly entangled.”
From Nonmaximally Entangled States: Production, Characterization, and Utilization (1999) · cites this paper as [19]
Cites
Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?
Einstein, A., Podolsky, B., & Rosen, N. (1935) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.47.777 · Cited by 16,654 · see citing works
On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen paradox
Bell, J. S. (1964) · Physics Physique Fizika · doi:10.1103/physicsphysiquefizika.1.195 · Cited by 12,252 · see citing works
Extreme quantum entanglement in a superposition of macroscopically distinct states
Mermin, N. D. (1990) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.65.1838 · Cited by 1,482 · see citing works
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Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry
Pan, J.-W., Chen, Z.-B., Lu, C.-Y., Weinfurter, H., Zeilinger, A., & Żukowski, M. (2012) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.84.777 · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
Ultrabright source of polarization-entangled photons
Kwiat, P. G., Waks, E., White, A. G., Appelbaum, I., & Eberhard, P. H. (1999) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.60.r773 · Cited by 1,142 · see citing works
Nonmaximally Entangled States: Production, Characterization, and Utilization
White, A. G., James, D. F. V., Eberhard, P. H., & Kwiat, P. G. (1999) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.83.3103 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
II Quantum Phenomena in Optical Interferometry
Hariharan, P., & Sanders, B. C. (1996) · Progress in Optics · doi:10.1016/s0079-6638(08)70313-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
- Authors
- Torgerson, J. R., Branning, D., Monken, C. H., & Mandel, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester (US)
- ORCID
- Monken, C.H
- Venue
- Physics Letters A
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-08
- Volume
- 204
- Issue
- 5-6
- Pages
- 323-328
- ISSN
- 0375-9601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1999926914
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Physics Letters A (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Keywords
- local realism, EPR paradox, Bell inequalities, quantum nonlocality, quantum foundations
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