The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Social comparison, social attractiveness and evolution: How might they be related?
Open accessOverview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“After all, social comparisons did not emerge with SNSs; it is a phylogenetically ancient ability that has likely been instrumental to navigating social hierarchies throughout human evolutionary history (Benítez and Brosnan, 2020; Gilbert et al., 1995).”
From The associations between social comparison on social media and young adults’ mental health (2025) · cites this paper as Gilbert et al., 1995
Citations
Cites
A theory of social comparison processes
Festinger, L. (1954) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872675400700202 · Cited by 20,926
The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism
Trivers, R. L. (1971) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/406755 · Cited by 11,010
The descent of man and selection in relation to sex
チャールス, ダ., & 茂穂, 田. (1907) · Tokyo Jinrui Gakkai zasshi · doi:10.1537/ase1887.22.495 · Cited by 10,909
Evolution and the Theory of Games
Smith, J. M. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-7862-4_22 · Cited by 7,981
Evolution and the Theory of Games
Smith, J. M. (1982) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511806292 · Cited by 6,918
Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes.
Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741 · Cited by 4,872
The antecedents of self-esteem
Coopersmith, S. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,649
Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures
Buss, D. M. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00023992 · Cited by 4,484
Trivers, R. L. (1974) · American Zoologist · doi:10.1093/icb/14.1.249 · Cited by 4,227
The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex
Darwin, C. R. (1872) · D. Appleton and company eBooks · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.2112 · Cited by 2,447
Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient
Adler, N. E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R. L., & Syme, S. L. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.49.1.15 · Cited by 2,383
Assessment strategy and the evolution of fighting behaviour.
Parker, G. A. (1974) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(74)90111-8 · Cited by 2,055
Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes
Wood, J. V. (1989) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.231 · Cited by 1,957
A self-presentational view of social phenomena.
Baumeister, R. F. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.91.1.3 · Cited by 1,529
Social comparison : contemporary theory and research
Suls, J. M., & Wills, T. A. (1991) · Cited by 1,381
Dunbar, R. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6694-2 · Cited by 1,260
Income distribution and life expectancy.
Wilkinson, R. G. (1992) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.304.6820.165 · Cited by 1,195
Self‐Presentational Motivations and Personality Differences in Self‐Esteem
Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Hutton, D. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb02384.x · Cited by 907
Abrams, D., Wetherell, M., Cochrane, S., Hogg, M. A., & Turner, J. C. (1990) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00892.x · Cited by 804
The ecology of social relationships amongst female primates
van Schaik, A. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 710
Fisher, J. D., Nadler, A., & Whitcher, S. J. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.91.1.27 · Cited by 695
The Social Competition Hypothesis of Depression
Price, J. S., Sloman, L., Gardner, R., Gilbert, P., & Rohde, P. (1994) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.164.3.309 · Cited by 561
Self-citationGilbert, P. (1989) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315804736 · Cited by 542
Self-citationSocial dominance orientation and the political psychology of gender: A case of invariance?
Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Bobo, L. D. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.998 · Cited by 520
Depression: The Evolution of Powerlessness
Gilbert, P. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 492
Self-citationStress, Health, and the Social Environment: A Sociobiologic Approach to Medicine
Henry, J. P., & STEPHENS, P. M. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 417
Social status in small groups: Individual–group similarity and the social "misfit."
Wright, J., Giammarino, M., & Parad, H. W. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.523 · Cited by 413
Brain evolution relating to family, play, and the separation call.
Maclean, P. (1985) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790270095011 · Cited by 406
Anxiety, depression, and perception of early parenting: a meta-analysis
Gerlsma, C. (1990) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(90)90062-f · Cited by 314
New theoretical conceptions of social anxiety and social phobia
Trower, P., & Gilbert, P. (1989) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(89)90044-5 · Cited by 276
Self-citationCooperation, the basis of sociability
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-0607 · Cited by 272
Social and Environmental Influences on Blood Serotonin Concentrations in Monkeys
Raleigh, M. J. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790150095013 · Cited by 256
Adrenocortical function, social rank, and personality among wild baboons
Sapolsky, R. M. (1990) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(90)90568-m · Cited by 249
Wood, J. V., Giordano-Beech, M., Taylor, K. L., Michela, J. L., & al, E. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.67.4.713 · Cited by 245
Assertiveness, submissive behaviour and social comparison
Gilbert, P., & Allan, S. (1994) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01125.x · Cited by 200
Self-citationSapolsky, R. M. (1990) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0190-116 · Cited by 194
Social comparison and negative self-evaluations: An application to depression
Swallow, S. R., & Kuiper, N. A. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90049-9 · Cited by 192
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-3551 · Cited by 192
Wolfe, R. N., Lennox, R. D., & Cutler, B. L. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.356 · Cited by 189
Childhood family antecedents of dependency and self-criticism: Implications for depression.
McCranie, E. W., & Bass, J. D. (1984) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.93.1.3 · Cited by 169
Social structure and testosterone: Explorations of the socio-bio-social chain
(1992) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(92)90279-r · Cited by 169
The Evolution of Human Consciousness.
Wilson, P. J., & Crook, J. H. (1986) · Man · doi:10.2307/2803168 · Cited by 167
Sibling and Peer Relationships in Childhood
Dunn, J., & McGuire, S. A. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00859.x · Cited by 153
Broucek, F. J. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 150
Social support and stress: The role of social comparison and social exchange processes
Buunk, B. P., & Hoorens, V. (1992) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb01018.x · Cited by 150
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5876 · Cited by 150
The evolution of human consciousness
Dunbar, R. (1981) · Ethology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1016/0162-3095(81)90004-2 · Cited by 137
Hypercortisolism Among Socially Subordinate Wild Baboons Originates at the CNS Level
Sapolsky, R. M. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110089012 · Cited by 132
(1990) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571183 · Cited by 131
How humans relate: a new interpersonal theory
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-3477 · Cited by 129
Graziano, W. G., Jensen‐Campbell, L. A., Shebilske, L. J., & Lundgren, S. R. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.3.522 · Cited by 124
Depression as yielding behavior: An animal model based on Schjelderup-Ebbe's pecking order
Price, J. S., & Sloman, L. (1987) · Ethology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1016/0162-3095(87)90021-5 · Cited by 96
Self-citationSocial Comparison Processes in Envy and Jealousy
Salovey, P. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003469490-13 · Cited by 95
Barash, D. P. (1976) · Cited by 90
From top dog to bottom half: Social comparison strategies in response to poor performance.
Gibbons, F. X., Benbow, C. P., & Gerrard, M. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.638 · Cited by 87
Bruijn, H. D. V.-D. (1978) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/0376-6357(78)90044-x · Cited by 84
Hierarchisation and dominance assessment at first glance
Kalma, A. P. (1991) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420210206 · Cited by 70
Shyness and Embarrassment: Perspectives from Social Psychology.
Barbalet, J. M., & Crozier, W. R. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2076222 · Cited by 69
Chance, M. R. A. (2015) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315728186 · Cited by 68
The evolution and manifestation of social anxiety
Gilbert, P., & Trower, P. (1990) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571183.006 · Cited by 58
Self-citationExiles from Eden: psychotherapy from an evolutionary perspective
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-2982 · Cited by 58
A primate analogue of amphetamine-induced behaviors in humans.
Haber, S. N., Barchas, P. R., & Barchas, J. D. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 30
Psychological kinship: Implications for the helping professions.
Bailey, K. G. (1988) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/h0085309 · Cited by 30
Social Comparison and Depression
Furnham, A. F., & Brewin, C. R. (1988) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1988.10532152 · Cited by 29
Harcourt, A. H., & Dunbar, R. (1989) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/5008 · Cited by 29
Attenborough, D. (1990) · Cited by 25
Presidential Address: Reflections on Humane Values and Biopsychosocial Integration
Hartmann, L. (1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.9.1135 · Cited by 23
How humans relate: A new interpersonal theory
Ryle, A. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90154-6 · Cited by 17
On The Possibility of Ethological Explanations of Psychiatric Disorders
McGuire, M. T. (1988) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb08552.x · Cited by 16
Comparisons, Justice, and the Internment of Japanese-Americans
Nagata, D. K., & Crosby, F. J. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003469490-17 · Cited by 11
What do clients want? Role of psychological kinship in professional helping.
Bailey, K. G., Wood, H. E., & Nava, G. R. (1992) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/h0101244 · Cited by 9
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- McCraine, 1984, Childhood family antecedents of dependency and selfcritisism, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 3, 10.1037/0021-843X.93.1.3 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gibbons, F. X., & Buunk, B. P. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.129 · Cited by 1,813
Hofmann, S. G. (2007) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070701421313 · Cited by 1,064
Cheng, J. T., Tracy, J. L., Foulsham, T., Kingstone, A. F., & Henrich, J. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030398 · Cited by 1,036
Social comparison: The end of a theory and the emergence of a field
Buunk, A. P., & Gibbons, F. X. (2006) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.09.007 · Cited by 1,020
“Even more so, according to Gilbert, Price, and Allan (1995), the need to compare the self with others is found in many other species as well, and has evolved as a very adaptive mechanism for sizing up one’s competitors.”
BackgroundGILBERT, P., & ALLAN, S. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798006710 · Cited by 972
“To date measures of social comparison (Allan & Gilbert, 1995) and submissive behaviour (Gilbert & Allan, 1994; Gilbert et al. 1995b, Allan & Gilbert, 1997) have been developed and found satisfactory.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Gilbert, P., Price, J., & Allan, S.
- Venue
- New Ideas in Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-07
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 149-165
- ISSN
- 0732-118X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2079575968
- Cited by
- 322
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 0.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- New Ideas in Psychology (publishedVersion)
- eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- social comparison, social attractiveness, intrasexual selection, reciprocal exchange, resource holding potential, self-concept, self-esteem, phylogeny, human evolution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review