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Molecular determinants of human red/green color discrimination
Abstract
The human red and green color vision pigments are identical at all but 15 of their 364 amino acids, and yet their absorption maxima differ by 31 nm. In an extensive mutagenesis study, including a set of 28 chimeric proteins modeled after pigments in the color-deficient human population and an additional 30 single and multiple point mutants, the spectral difference between these 2 pigments is shown to be determined by 7 and only 7 amino acid residues. In going from the red pigment to the green pigment, the 7 residues are Ser116-->Tyr, Ser180-->Ala, Ile230-->Thr, Ala233-->Ser, Tyr277-->Phe, Thr285-->Ala, and Tyr309-->Phe.
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F versus Y at position 309 shifts the peak sensitivity by only about 1 nm.
“F versus Y at position 309 shifts the peak sensitivity by only about 1 nm”
From The genetics of normal and defective color vision (2011) · cites this paper as Asenjo et al., 1994
Pigments with S180 have peak sensitivities at longer wavelengths than pigments with A180.
“Pigments with S180 have peak sensitivities at longer wavelengths relative to pigments with A180.”
From The genetics of normal and defective color vision (2011) · cites this paper as Asenjo et al., 1994
The magnitude of the spectral shifts caused by these exon 4 dimorphisms is larger in L than in M pigments.
“the magnitude of the spectral shifts are larger in L than in M pigments”
From The genetics of normal and defective color vision (2011) · cites this paper as Asenjo et al., 1994
Exon 4 specifies dimorphisms at amino acid positions 230, 233 and 236, two of which have an identified role in spectral tuning.
“Exon 4 specifies dimorphisms at three amino acid positions, 230, 233 and 236, two of which have an identified role in spectral tuning.”
From The genetics of normal and defective color vision (2011) · cites this paper as Asenjo et al., 1994
Of the seven amino acids encoded by exon 5 that differ between human L and M opsins, three are involved in spectral tuning.
“of which 3, indicated in Figure 1C, are involved in spectral tuning”
From The genetics of normal and defective color vision (2011) · cites this paper as Asenjo et al., 1994
Of the five dimorphic amino acid positions specified by exon 3, only the serine-versus-alanine difference at position 180 produces a measurable shift in the spectrum.
“Of the 5 dimorphic amino acid positions specified by exon 3, the most variable exon, only serine (S) versus alanine (A) at position 180 produces a measurable shift in the spectrum.”
From The genetics of normal and defective color vision (2011) · cites this paper as Asenjo et al., 1994
The dimorphism at position 116 is the spectrally active one of the three polymorphisms encoded by exon 2.
“The dimorphism at position 116 is the spectrally active one of the three”
From The genetics of normal and defective color vision (2011) · cites this paper as Asenjo et al., 1994
The absolute magnitude of the spectral shift is slightly larger for an S180A substitution in an L pigment than for an A180S substitution in an M pigment.
“the absolute magnitude of the spectral shift is a little larger when an S180A substitution occurs in an L pigment versus when an A180S substitution occurs in an M pigment”
From The genetics of normal and defective color vision (2011) · cites this paper as Asenjo et al., 1994
Seven amino acids, all encoded by exon 5, are typically different between human L versus M opsins.
“Seven amino acids, all encoded by exon 5, are typically different between human L versus M opsins”
From The genetics of normal and defective color vision (2011) · cites this paper as Asenjo et al., 1994
Pigments with isoleucine at position 230 and alanine at position 233 are red shifted compared to pigments with threonine 230 and isoleucine 233.
“Pigments with isoleucine at position 230 and alanine at position 233 are red shifted compared to pigments with threonine 230 and isoleucine 233”
From The genetics of normal and defective color vision (2011) · cites this paper as Asenjo et al., 1994
Substitutions at positions 277 and 285 account for about 20 nm of the difference in peak sensitivity of human L versus M pigments.
“Together, the substitutions at positions 277 and 285 account for about 20 nm of the difference in peak sensitivity of human L versus M pigments.”
From The genetics of normal and defective color vision (2011) · cites this paper as Asenjo et al., 1994
Substituting L exons individually into the M pigment tends to produce smaller spectral shifts compared to substituting M exons into L pigments.
“Substituting L exons individually into the M pigment tends to produce smaller spectral shifts compared to substituting M exons into L pigments.”
From The genetics of normal and defective color vision (2011) · cites this paper as Asenjo et al., 1994
Citations
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No references could be resolved yet.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Asenjo, A. B., Rim, J., & Oprian, D. D.
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1994-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1131-1138
- ISSN
- 0896-6273
- Cited by
- 367
- References
- 0
- Language
- en
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