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The Pheromone Concept in Mammalian Chemical Communication: A Critique
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“It can be argued (Beauchamp et al., 1976) that there is no need for a special term for mutually beneficial chemical communication, but, as emphasized by Karlson and Luscher (Karlson and Luscher, 1959), some distinction between communication and a casual use of chemosensory information does seem a useful distinction.”
From Human Vomeronasal Organ Function: A Critical Review of Best and Worst Cases (2001) · cites this paper as Beauchamp et al., 1976
In the citing paper
“We know that even archetypal insect pheromones are not unique chemicals used by single species, as supposed in some definitions [see discussions in Beauchamp et al. and Albone (Beauchamp et al., 1976;Albone, 1984)].”
From Human Vomeronasal Organ Function: A Critical Review of Best and Worst Cases (2001) · cites this paper as Beauchamp et al., 1976
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MECHANISMS OF OLFACTORY DISCRIMINATION: Converging Evidence for Common Principles Across Phyla
Hildebrand, J. G., & Shepherd, G. M. (1997) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.595 · Cited by 1,066
The Reproductive Ecology of the House Mouse
Bronson, F. H. (1979) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/411295 · Cited by 611
Neurobehavioral evidence for the involvement of the vomeronasal system in mammalian reproduction.
Wysocki, C. (1979) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(79)90015-0 · Cited by 478
The scent of symmetry: A human sex pheromone that signals fitness?
Thornhill, R., & Gangestad, S. (1999) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1090-5138(99)00005-7 · Cited by 433
“There is debate in the literature about whether mammals, especially primates (including humans), have real pheromones or only primers (Beauchamp et al. 1976).”
BackgroundInfluentialWyatt, T. (2010) · Journal of Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00359-010-0564-y · Cited by 365
Chemical and behavioural characterization of the rabbit mammary pheromone
Schaal, B., Coureaud, G., Langlois, D., Ginies, C., Sémon, E., & Perrier, G. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01739 · Cited by 351
The physiological responses of anovulatory ewes to the introduction of rams - a review
Martin, G., Oldham, C., Cognié, Y., & Pearce, D. T. (1986) · doi:10.1016/0301-6226(86)90031-x · Cited by 345
Mammalian Social Odors: A Critical Review
Brown, R. E. (1979) · Advances in the study of behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60094-7 · Cited by 293
Human Vomeronasal Organ Function: A Critical Review of Best and Worst Cases
Meredith, M. (2001) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/26.4.433 · Cited by 280
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION IN RODENTS: FROM PHEROMONES TO INDIVIDUAL RECOGNITION
Johnston, R. E. (2003) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/ble-010 · Cited by 249
“In particular, the term ‘‘pheromone’’ has been used many ways and has been the source of controversy (Beauchamp et al. 1976; Johnston 1998; Müller-Schwarze 1977; Preti and Wysocki 1999; Tinbergen 1951).”
The Role of Odor in the Social Lives of Carnivores
Gorman, M., & Trowbridge, B. J. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0855-3_3 · Cited by 243
“Mammalian odors are usually complex mixtures, not simple chemicals, and responses to them are not stereotyped but depend upon context, prior experience, and developmental status (Beauchamp et al. 1976). Brown (1979) suggested, therefore, that the term "social odor" would be more appropriate for mammalian chemical sign…”
BackgroundOdor-guided behavior in mammals
Doty, R. L. (1986) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01942506 · Cited by 287
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“Pheromones are airborne chemical signals that are released by an individual into the environment and which affect the physiology or behaviour of other members of the same species (Beauchamp et al. 1976).”
Structure and Function of the Vomeronasal Organ
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Unique salience of maternal breast odors for newborn infants.
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Pheromonal release of suckling in rabbits does not depend on the vomeronasal organ
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From molecule to mind: the role of experience in shaping olfactory function
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“Since the reaction of mammals to pheromones or pheromone-like substances is usually modi®ed by experience (Beauchamp et al. 1976), it is notable that rabbit pups are able to respond appropriately to their mother at the very ®rst nursing.”
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“First, pheromones were initially redefined as consisting of one or, at most, a few odorant molecules (Beauchamp et al., 1976).”
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Jacob, S., Garcia, S., Hayreh, D., & McClintock, M. K. (2002) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.2002.1826 · Cited by 80
“We believe this claim to be premature without directly testing each of the various criteria that a compound must meet to be called a mammalian pheromone (reviewed by (Beauchamp et al., 1976; Jacob et al., 2002)).”
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Kelliher, K. R. (2007) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.08.012 · Cited by 82
“Some researchers have argued that the term as applied to mammals isn’t even scientifically useful (Beauchamp et al., 1976), while others suggest the definition needs to be refined (Meredith, 2001).”
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Witt, M., Georgiewa, B., Knecht, M., & Hummel, T. R. (2002) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-002-0407-1 · Cited by 71
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“Some authors have felt that the word is too broadly used by mammalogists (Beauchamp et al. 1976).”
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Witt, M., & Hummel, T. R. (2006) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(06)48004-9 · Cited by 77
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A chemistry of mammalian pheromones
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A critical evaluation of the possibility of higher primate reproductive and sexual pheromones.
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Hormones, pheromones and chemoreception
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Self-citationNewborn rabbit responsiveness to the mammary pheromone is concentration-dependent.
Coureaud, G., Langlois, D., Sicard, G., & Schaal, B. (2004) · Chemical Sensors · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjh037 · Cited by 61
“This further reveals a contextinvariant pattern of pup responsiveness to the MP that fits well with the stringent definition of mammalian pheromones proposed by Beauchamp et al. (1976). From infraliminary concentrations, a very small increase of concentration induces the highest levels of searching and oral grasping.”
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Alberts, J., & May, B. (1980) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(80)90157-2 · Cited by 61
“There are many examples of perceptual biases in the animal world, such as perception of polarized light by bees [11], high frequency acoustic patterns by bats [23], and the dramatic effects of specialized olfactory stimuli called pheromones [6,22].”
BackgroundIn search of the chemical basis for MHC odourtypes
Kwak, J., Willse, A., Preti, G., Yamazaki, K., & Beauchamp, G. (2010) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0162 · Cited by 58
Self-citationZebra reduce predation risk in mixed-species herds by eavesdropping on cues from giraffe
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An examination of the effects of putative pheromones on human judgments
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The maternal pheromone of the rat: Identity and functional significance
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Dietary-dependent cross-species similarities in maternal chemical cues.
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A pheromone to behave, a pheromone to learn: the rabbit mammary pheromone
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Chemical signals in vertebrates 10
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“To sum up, 2MB2 emitted in milk by female rabbits meets the five criteria proposed by Beauchamp et al. (1976) to define a pheromone in the case of mammals.”
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“situation to the likelihood that mammals are using these cues in a much more complex and sophisticated manner than 'lower' organisms (Beauchamp et al., 1976).”
BackgroundPheromones, Odors, and Vasanas
McClintock, M. K. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50017-2 · Cited by 63
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Diet manipulation affects social behavior of catfish
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Self-citationAndrostadienone odor thresholds in adolescents.
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The risk of extrapolation in neuroanatomy: the case of the mammalian accessory olfactory bulb
Salazar, I. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/neuro.05.022.2009 · Cited by 41
“The controversial theme of the mammalian pheromones has been discussed extensively in the literature (Beauchamp et al., 1976; Luo and Katz, 2004; Rodriguez, 2004; Wysocki and Petri, 2004; Brennan and Zufall, 2006; Swaney and Keverne, 2009; Tirindelli et al., 2009).”
BackgroundThe Chemistry of Vomeronasally Detected Pheromones: Characterization of an Aphrodisiac Protein a
Singer, A., Agosta, W. C., Clancy, A., & Macrides, F. (1987) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb36304.x · Cited by 35
Gelez, H., & Fabre‐Nys, C. (2006) · annales de biologie animale biochimie biophysique · doi:10.1051/rnd:2006021 · Cited by 30
“However, this term was initially defined in insects and its extension to mammals raises some problems [62].”
BackgroundAmniotic fluid elicits appetitive responses in human newborns: fatty acids and appetitive responses.
Contreras, C. M., Gutiérrez-García, A. G., Mendoza-López, R., Rodríguez-Landa, J., Bernal-Morales, B., & Díaz-Marte, C. (2013) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21012 · Cited by 32
Effects of breastfeeding chemosignals on the human menstrual cycle.
Jacob, S., Spencer, N. A., Bullivant, S. B., Sellergren, S. A., Mennella, J., & McClintock, M. (2004) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deh057 · Cited by 32
“The present ®ndings suggest that breastfeeding compounds have the potential for being social chemosignals and may or may not contain chemicals that ultimately ful®l the criteria for a human pheromone (Beauchamp et al., 1976, 2000; McClintock, 2000, 2002).”
BackgroundKnecht, M., Lundström, J. N., Witt, M., Hüttenbrink, K., Heilmann, S., & Hummel, T. R. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.6.1135 · Cited by 25
Belcher, A., Smith, A. B. I., Jurs, P., Lavine, B., & Epple, G. (1986) · Journal of Chemical Ecology · doi:10.1007/bf01020570 · Cited by 25
Human Chemosensory Communication
Pause, B. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26932-0_52 · Cited by 27
Coureaud, G., Languille, S., Schaal, B., & Hars, B. (2009) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1434009 · Cited by 23
“…appetitive learning are recalled: (1) A single volatile compound from rabbit milk, meeting the most stringent criteria that define a pheromone in mammals (Beauchamp et al. 1976) acts as a positive reinforcer in newborns; (2) this learning is acquired after a single and very brief CS–”
BackgroundSynchronizing Ovarian and Birth Cycles by Female Pheromones
McClintock, M. K. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9652-0_10 · Cited by 22
The Smell of Nature: Olfaction, Knowledge and the Environment
Press, D., & Minta, S. C. (2000) · doi:10.1080/13668790008573711 · Cited by 20
“They are usually complex mixtures, and responses to them are not stereotyped but depend upon sex, context, prior experience and developmental status (Beauchamp et al., 1976; Gorman and Trowbridge, 1989).”
BackgroundPreti, G., Smith, A. B., & Beauchamp, G. (1977) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2364-8_7 · Cited by 20
Self-citationPierce, J., Cohen, A. B., & Ulrich, P. (2004) · Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.118.1.14 · Cited by 19
Chanvallon, A., & Fabre-Nys, C. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.08.013 · Cited by 18
Pheromonal Influence on Aggressive Behavior
Lee, C.-T., & Ingersoll, D. W. (1983) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3521-4_14 · Cited by 18
The Influence of Pheromones on Puberty in Rodents
Vandenbergh, J. (1980) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1027-3_15 · Cited by 18
Legendre, A., Faure, P., Tiesset, H., Potin, C., Jakob, I., Sicard, G., Schaal, B., Artur, Y., Coureaud, G., & Heydel, J. (2014) · Chemical Sensors · doi:10.1093/chemse/bju013 · Cited by 17
“Much like in insects, these chemostimuli have a critical role in mammalian biology (Beauchamp et al. 1976; Johansson and Jones 2007; Tirindelli et al. 2009).”
BackgroundThe Functions of Taste and Olfaction
Bartoshuk, L. M. (1989) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb53256.x · Cited by 16
Incidental Emissions, Fortuitous Effects, and the Origins of Communication
Blumberg, M., & Alberts, J. (1997) · Perspectives in ethology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1745-4_8 · Cited by 16
Soderquist, T., & Ealey, L. (1994) · doi:10.1071/wr9940527 · Cited by 16
Odor cue determinants of urine marking in male rats (Rattus norvegicus).
Hopp, S., & Timberlake, W. (1983) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/s0163-1047(83)91173-1 · Cited by 16
Beaver (Castor canadensis) responses to major phenolic and neutral compounds in castoreum
Schulte, B., Müller-Schwarze, D., Tang, R., & Webster, F. X. (1994) · Journal of Chemical Ecology · doi:10.1007/bf02033711 · Cited by 15
Odours, emotion and psychophysiology
Toller, S. (1988) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.1988.tb00016.x · Cited by 15
MHC-mediated fetal odourtypes expressed by pregnant females influence male associative behaviour.
Beauchamp, G., Curran, M., & Yamazaki, K. (2000) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1490 · Cited by 14
“…between individuals based on odour has been demonstrated repeatedly and individual recognition probably plays a major role in organizing social behaviour in most group-living species with well-developed olfactory abilities (e.g. Beauchamp et al. 1976; Halpin 1980; Johnston et al. 1993).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOlfactory Systems in Mate Recognition and Sexual Behavior
Keller, M., Pillon, D., & Bakker, J. (2010) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(10)83014-6 · Cited by 19
“…of contexts, readers should be aware that the concept is however controversial and that much more restrictive definitions can be sometimes used (Beauchamp et al., 1976 or see reviews such as Brennan and Zufall, 2006 or Wyatt, 2003 for detailed analysis of current concepts and definitions…”
BackgroundOlfactory Guidance of Nipple-Search Behaviour in Newborn Rabbits
Hudson, R., & Distel, H. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-71576-1_19 · Cited by 14
Jouhanneau, M., Schaal, B., & Coureaud, G. (2016) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.10.003 · Cited by 13
Human Pheromones: Releasers or Primers
Preti, G., & Wysocki, C. J. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4733-4_27 · Cited by 13
The maternal pheromone of the rat as an innate stimulus for pre-weanling young.
Schumacher, S. K., & Moltz, H. (1982) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(82)90104-4 · Cited by 12
Barman, P., Yadav, M., Kumar, H., Meur, S., & Ghosh, S. (2013) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.06.012 · Cited by 10
Rabbit Nipple-Search Pheromone Versus Rabbit Mammary Pheromone Revisited
Hudson, R., Rojas, C., Arteaga, L., Martínez-Gómez, M., & Distel, H. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-73945-8_30 · Cited by 10
INTRODUCTION: Pheromones as Tools for Olfactory Research
Christensen, T., & Sorensen, P. (1996) · Chemical Sensors · doi:10.1093/chemse/21.2.241 · Cited by 9
“Although there has been some doubt that this definition should be applied in its strictest sense to higher vertebrates (e.g. mammals; Beauchamp et al., 1976), we believe that the original intent of the term was simply to help describe those socially-active odorants that evoke specific reactions and greatly improve an…”
BackgroundSchaal, B. (2014) · doi:10.1201/b16511-18 · Cited by 9
Many Common Odour Cues and (at Least) One Pheromone Shaping the Behaviour of Young Rabbits
Schaal, B., Coureaud, G., Moncomble, A.-S., Langlois, D., & Perrier, G. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-72446-9_13 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Beauchamp, G. K., Doty, R. L., Moulton, D. G., & Mugford, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Leicester City Council (GB)
- Venue
- Mammalian Olfaction, Reproductive Processes, and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 1976
- Pages
- 143-160
- OpenAlex
- W2503424097
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Elsevier eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect Pheromone Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- pheromones, olfactory communication, chemical communication
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