The Declarative/Procedural Model

Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants

Saffran, J. R., Aslin, R. N., & Newport, E. L. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5294.1926 · Cited by 5,659

The cortical organization of speech processing

Hickok, G., & Poeppel, D. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2113 · Cited by 5,495

Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory

McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L., & O'Reilly, R. C. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.419 · Cited by 5,256

Exaptation—a missing term in the science of form

Gould, S. J., & Vrba, E. S. (1982) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/s0094837300004310 · Cited by 5,136

Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory

Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., Kim, J. S., Heo, S., Alves, H., White, S. M., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1015950108 · Cited by 4,855

Thirty years and counting: finding meaning in the N400 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP).

Kutas, M., & Federmeier, K. D. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.131123 · Cited by 4,377

A capacity theory of comprehension: individual differences in working memory

Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.1.122 · Cited by 4,153

Distributed morphology and the pieces of inflection

Halle, M., & Marantz, A. (1993) · Cited by 3,251

How Children Learn the Meanings of Words

Bloom, P. (2000) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3577.001.0001 · Cited by 1,995

Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain

Quiroga, R. Q., Reddy, L., Kreiman, G., Koch, C., & Fried, I. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03687 · Cited by 1,988

Metakognition als Brücke zwischen sprachlichem Wissen und Können

Unterholzner, F., & Müller, H. (2023) · Didaktik Deutsch · doi:10.21248/dideu.677 · Cited by 2

Experimental increase in lexical frequency improves morphological computation of Spanish

Durand-López, E. M., & Garrido-Pozú, J. J. (2024) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/13670069241252725 · Cited by 2

The Contribution of Noun and Verb Lexicon Sizes to Later Grammatical Outcomes in Mandarin-Speaking Children With Cochlear Implants

Luo, J., Xu, L., Wang, M., Li, J., He, S., Spencer, L. J., Liu, H.-M., & Guo, L.-Y. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-24-00131 · Cited by 2

Introducing socio-syntax and language acquisition

Grohmann, K. Κ. (2014) · Linguistic Variation · doi:10.1075/lv.14.1.001gro · Cited by 2

Traces of statistical learning in the brain's functional connectivity after artificial language exposure

Sengupta, P., Burgaleta, M., Zamora-López, G., Basora, A., Sanjuán, A., Deco, G., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2019) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.001 · Cited by 1

Längsschnittliche Zusammenhänge von Wortschatz, Grammatik und Leseverständnis mit mathematischen Fähigkeiten bei Grundschulkindern mit nicht-deutscher Familiensprache

Paetsch, J., & Kempert, S. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1024/1010-0652/a000342 · Cited by 2

Estrategias lingüísticas para la construcción y la difusión de la identidad y de la imagen corporativa: aproximación a través de los corpus de comunicación pública empresarial

Varo, C. V. (2022) · Círculo de lingüística aplicada a la comunicación · doi:10.5209/clac.76111 · Cited by 2

Developing and Validation of Intervention Program Based on Multiple Learning Systems for Students with Specific Learning with Reading Disabilities: Meta-Synthesis Study

Rasouli, S., Vahedi, S., Gharadaghi, A., & Nemati, S. (2022) · Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health · doi:10.52547/jcmh.9.2.2 · Cited by 2

The role of linguistic factors in the retention of verbatim information in reading: An eye-tracking study on L1 and L2 German

Opitz, A., Bordag, D., & Furgoni, A. (2024) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716424000122 · Cited by 2

Three Levels of Naturalistic Knowledge

Stephens, A. (2019) · Synthese Library/Synthese library · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12800-5_4 · Cited by 2

Gesturing helps memory encoding in aMCI

Sgard, C., Bier, J., & Peigneux, P. (2020) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12238 · Cited by 2

The role of experimental knapping in empirically testing key themes in the evolution of lithic technology: reduction intensity, efficiency and behavioural complexity

Muller, A. (2017) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2018.58 · Cited by 2

Posterior superior temporal sulcus supports sequence-based language processing: Evidence from low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationPreprint

Kyriaki, L., Todd, G., Schlesewsky, M., Devlin, J. T., & Bornkessel‐Schlesewsky, I. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/cn93m · Cited by 2

When there’s more than one elephant in the room: Interdisciplinary approaches to the study of language

Milin, P., & Divjak, D. (2024) · The Cognitive Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.53841/bpscog.2024.1.9.7 · Cited by 1

Can late language learners acquire second language grammar? Evidence from linguistic to neuroscience methods

Li, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1421072 · Cited by 2

Do L2 learners show attachment preferences? The processing of participial relative clauses in L2 Russian by English–Russian bilinguals

Luk, Z. P., & Darzhinova, L. (2024) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/13670069241298887 · Cited by 1

Asymmetry in the retention of content and surface linguistic information during reading in L1 and L2

Bordag, D., Opitz, A., & Berulava, H.-G. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1610120 · Cited by 1

Situating language in higher-order cognition

Gennari, S. P. (2025) · Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/langcog.2025.10021 · Cited by 2

Brain activation for language and its relationship to cognitive and linguistic measures

Balboni, I., Rampinini, A., Kepinska, O., Berthelé, R., & Golestani, N. (2025) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaf231 · Cited by 2

Introducing language development and impairment

Grohmann, K. Κ. (2013) · Linguistic Variation · doi:10.1075/lv.13.2.001gro · Cited by 1

Formal Linguistics and Language Education: A View from Bilingualism Research

Bayram, F., & Rothman, J. (2020) · Educational linguistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39257-4_2 · Cited by 1

Practice and Repetition in Second Language Learning: A Self-Study Experience from a pre-service ESL Language Teacher

Gallardo, J. L. C., & Houde, P. M. A. (2021) · JÓVENES EN LA CIENCIA · Cited by 1

Lenguaje y envejecimiento. Discusión acerca del deterioro/preservación de la sintaxis en los adultos mayores

Rivieri, E. M. (2023) · Folios · doi:10.17227/folios.57-14050 · Cited by 1

Interactions Among Declarative and Procedural Memory Systems, Different Linguistic Structures, and the Efficacy of Different Corrective Feedback Types

Sato, Y. (2023) · Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning · doi:10.52598/jpll/5/1/4 · Cited by 2

A Variety of Turkish in Mid-south Turkey: Arabic-Turkish Inter-language

Ördem, E., & Bada, E. (2016) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v5i1.1835 · Cited by 1

A Morfologia Derivacional na Aquisição do Português como Língua Estrangeira / Língua Segunda

Pereira, R. (2019) · Diacrítica · doi:10.21814/diacritica.363 · Cited by 1

Investigation into the linguistic category membership of the Finnish planning particletota

Kirjavainen, M., & Nikolaev, A. (2022) · Pragmatics & Cognition · doi:10.1075/pc.21019.kir · Cited by 1

The contribution of the hippocampus to language processing

Alamri, S. (2017) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 1

Initial and Later Procedural Learning Rates of Implicit Sequences in Good and Poor Readers of EnglishPreprint

Kuppuraj, S. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/w86rx · Cited by 1

The earliest stages of second language learning

Pili‐Moss, D. (2018) · Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) · doi:10.17635/lancaster/thesis/566 · Cited by 1

Processing syntax

Bornkessel‐Schlesewsky, I., & Schlesewsky, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820480-1.00150-9 · Cited by 1

Abstract rule generalization for composing novel meaning recruits a frontoparietal control network

Zheng, X., Garvert, M. M., den Ouden, H. E. M., Horstman, L. I., Richter, D., & Cools, R. (2025) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.963 · Cited by 1

Using a cognitive meta-theory to analyze second language acquisition theoriesPreprint

Friesen, L. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gndtm · Cited by 1

Capturing learning on the fly: an eye-tracking method to quantify prediction errors and updating the priorPreprint

Hann, F., Nagy, C. A., Nagy, Z. O., Németh, D., & Pesthy, O. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.111281.1 · Cited by 1

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECOND LANGUAGE READING AND

Kraut, R. (2016)

Examining the Neural Correlates of Vocabulary and Grammar Learning Using fNIRS

Brainin, L. (2019) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)

Dual processing in a functional-cognitive theory of grammar and its neurocognitive basis

Boye, K., & Harder, P. (2020) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.70.04boy

Understanding Attention: In Minds and MachinesPreprint

Sawant, S. P., & Singh, S. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.02659

Modeling of Basal Ganglia to Incorporate the Procedural MemoryPreprint

Shrivastava, R., Tripathi, S., & Kumar, P. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3349587

Association between declarative memory and language ability in older Chinese by education level

Xie, C.-W., Feng, Y., & Wang, W. Y. (2020) · PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)

The brain signature for reading in high-skilled deaf adults: behavior and electrophysiological evidence

Dias, P. (2020) · Communities in ADDI (Universidad del Pais Vasco)

Semantic information modulates online morphological learning: neuromagnetic investigationPreprint

Balla, V. R., Юрьевич, Ш. Ю., Kimppa, L., Leminen, M., & Leminen, A. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/c8ra4

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Word Pairs Task to Evaluate Declarative Memory

Malekian, M., Kazemi, Y., & Zarifian, T. (2021) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.2021.2585.1

بناء وتقنین بطاریة مقاییس لتشخیص الاستعداد النمائی (انتباه - إدراک – ذاکره) لدى تلامیذ المرحلة الابتدائیة فی مملکة البحرین Construction and standardize Battery of a Developmental Aptitude Diagnostics Scales (Attention-Perception-Memory) in the Kingdom of Bahrain

المطــیری, ر. ح. (2021) · مجلة التربية الخاصة والتأهيل · doi:10.21608/sero.2021.206464

Verbal working memory as a predictor of explicit and implicit knowledge of English passive voice

Pawlak, M., & Biedroń, A. (2021) · Benjamins current topics · doi:10.1075/bct.116.05paw

Investigating vulnerabilities in grammatical processing of bilinguals

Pourquié, M., Lacroix, H., & Kartushina, N. (2021) · Benjamins current topics · doi:10.1075/bct.117.05pou

The neural correlates of second language syntax

Veisi, S., & Samar, R. G. (2023) · Journal of Second Language Studies · doi:10.1075/jsls.00019.vei

An fMRI study of inflectional encoding in spoken word production: Role of domain-general inhibition

Ferreira, J., Roelofs, A., Freches, G. B., & Piai, V. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108653

How We Learn—Learning and Cognition

López-Ozieblo, R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3921-3_3

Lexical knowledge, memory and experience

Dąbrowska, E., & Gedik, T. A. (2023) · Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association · doi:10.1515/gcla-2023-0004

Working Memory Capacity, TL Grammar Attainment and Length of Study as Predictors of Explicit and Implicit (Automatized) Knowledge of English Passive Voice

Biedroń, A., Pasikowski, S., & Pawlak, M. (2024) · Psychology of Language and Communication · doi:10.58734/plc-2024-0001 · Cited by 1

Abstract rule generalization for composing novel meaning recruits the frontoparietal control networkPreprint

Zheng, X., Garvert, M. M., den Ouden, H. E. M., Horstman, L. I., Richter, D., & Cools, R. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.30.621101 · Cited by 2

List of abbreviations

(2024) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.20.loa

Prelim pages

(2024) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.20.prelim

Table of contents

(2024) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.20.toc

The frequency-grammar interface

(2024) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.20.c1

Rules and regularities

(2024) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.20.c3

Summary and implications

(2024) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.20.c8

The background

(2024) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.20.c2

Superposition of frequency and grammar in a second language

(2024) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.20.c7

The frequency grammar interface in second language acquisition

Rastelli, S. (2024) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.20.c6

At the interface

(2024) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.20.c4

The domain

(2024) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.20.c5

Introduction

(2024) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.20.int

Index

(2024) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.20.index

References

(2024) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.20.refs

Asking the right questions: interrogating the logic and assumptions of paradigms used to investigate interactions between procedural and declarative memory in category learning

Kalra, P. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Cognition · doi:10.3389/fcogn.2024.1505513

The Notion and Scope of Task-Based Language Teaching

Róg, T. (2025) · Second language learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86566-4_2 · Cited by 3

Universal Grammar in Second Language Acquisition: A Neurolinguistics Investigation of Syntactic Processing in Adult Learners

Alamgir, M., Ali, S., Balti, G. A., & Iqbal, J. (2025) · ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences · doi:10.63056/acad.004.02.0253

Dualistic approaches to language and cognition

(2020) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.70.p1

Syntactic processing of Mandarin Chinese as a second language recruits a crucial frontoparietal network

Gao, C., Guo, J., Zhang, L. L., Li, Z., Chen, L., & Feng, L. (2025) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728925100138

Vocabulary learning and regularity extraction: Temporal dynamics of consolidation and associations with slow-wave sleep and sleep spindles

Kimel, E., Hairston, I. S., Ben-Zion, D., Akal, Y., Prior, A., Gaskell, M. G., & Bitan, T. (2025) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2025.07.012

Shared and Unique Connectivity Signatures of Reading and Language Deficits

Daucourt, M. C., Rosenblatt, M., Frijters, J. C., Bosson-Heenan, J. M., Gruen, J. R., & Scheinost, D. (2025) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.a.98

Pragmatic Processing, Transpragmatics and Capital

Mugford, G. E. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-04323-8_3

Foreign Language Learners’ Speaking Anxiety and Enjoyment With Single-word Vocabularies and Phrasal Verbs Over Time: An Idiodynamic Perspective

Davaribina, M., & Varghaei, E. (2025) · Psychology of Language and Communication · doi:10.58734/plc-2025-0016

Cognitive abilities underlying the earliest stages of second language acquisition: an artificial language study

Kenanidis, P., Llompart, M., Pili‐Moss, D., & Dąbrowska, E. (2025) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2025.2576908 · Cited by 1

Stimulus Labels Support Declarative but Not Procedural Memory in Children With and Without Hearing Loss

Golden, B. N., Shymanski, J. J., Walker, E. A., & AuBuchon, A. M. (2025) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-25-00146

Implicit Language Learning

Andringa, S. J., & Spit, S. (2025) · The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal20438

Language and Cognition

Villard, S., Zipse, L., & Rohter, S. V. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009202336.011

Language and Cognitive Plasticity and Processing

Andrews, E., & Kiran, S. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009202336.007

Bridging Neurosicence and AI: Applications of Computational Declarative Memory Systems

Hernández, J. M. N., Alvarez, S. C., & Cervantes, J.-A. (2026) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-13592-6_13

Declarative Memory and Language in Early Childhood: A Meta-Analysis of Studies Using Deferred Imitation

Fender, H. E., McClure, K. L., & HAMRICK, P. J. J. (2026) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2026.2632278

45Playing with gestures and memory: Evidence of L2 grammatical morpheme learning in multilingual classrooms

Ulbricht, N. J., & Spindler, B. (2025) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111568645-004

Swearing as a catalyst of technological development

Benítez‐Burraco, A., & Washmuth, N. B. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1792363

Inhibitory reversal of morpheme-mediated semantic priming in L2 Chinese: embodiment conflicts in conventional action metaphor processing

Lei, Q., Wang, J., & Yang, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1778678

Interactive cartography of language and memory in patients with focal and pharmaco-resistant epilepsy. Multimodal assessment.

Banjac, S. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7efd2a8czc574z40ebzbd94z1b61fc9c5085

The biscriptual advantage in graphomotor control : behavioral and neurophysiological investigations

Alhaddad, G. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2e9ecc92z5030z4e90z8b5dz6ae19fd3b48f

»A living language is a practical science«. Fremdsprachenlernen als praktisches Wissen im 18. Jahrhundert

McLelland, N. (2026) · Abhandlungen zur Medien- und Kulturwissenschaft · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-72583-2_8

Frequency, Meaningfulness, Individual Differences, and Processing of L2 Multiword Sequences

Jeong, H. (2026) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/13670069261444093

Capturing learning on the fly: an eye-tracking method to quantify prediction errors and updating the priorPreprint

Hann, F., Nagy, C. A., Nagy, Z. O., Németh, D., & Pesthy, O. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.111281 · Cited by 1

Way better that way

Johansson, C., Nykiel, J., & Salte, A. (2026) · Linguistics · doi:10.1515/ling-2024-0194

The Hare and the Tortoise in Ecological L2 Learning: Distributed Practice Effects in Vocabulary and Grammar

Whyte, S., Palasis, K., Edmonds, A., & Gerbier, É. (2026) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.70172

Episodic memory abilities predict lexical diversity in spontaneous speech across languages and the adult lifespan

HAMRICK, P. J. J., Gunstad, J., McClure, K. L., Rentería, M. A., Vonk, J. M. J., Manly, J. J., & Brickman, A. M. (2026) · The Mental Lexicon · doi:10.1075/ml.25018.ham

The facilitation of cognitive procedures is not dependent on maintenance of declarative memory elements

Baranski, M. F. S., Byrnes, D., McClure, K. L., Hamrick, P., & Was, C. A. (2026) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.17457

Harnessing Dual Memory Systems: A Balanced Approach to Explicit and Implicit Reading Instruction for Young EFL Learners

Kim, J. M. (2026) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702711.2026.2735234

Report on Instruments for the cure of stammering

Hamilton, W. T. (1854) · Journal of the Franklin Institute · doi:10.1016/0016-0032(54)91163-1

The Declarative/Procedural Model : A Neurobiologically Motivated Theory of First and Second Language 1

Ullman, M. T. (2014) · doi:10.4324/9780203628942-13 · Cited by 90

How the Declarative and Procedural Memory Brain Circuits Support Second Language

Ullman, M. T., & Morgan‐Short, K. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003190912-16 · Cited by 3

Contributions of memory circuits to language: the declarative/procedural model

Ullman, M. T. (2004) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.008 · Cited by 1,893

A neurocognitive perspective on language: The declarative/procedural model

Ullman, M. T. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35094573 · Cited by 997