Cited by 272Balance, Gait, and Falls PreventionMultiple Sclerosis Research StudiesStroke Rehabilitation and Recovery

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 119 of the 119 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Balance, gait, and falls in multiple sclerosis

Michelle H. Cameron, Ylva Elisabet Nilsagård·2018·Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and the most widespread nontraumatic cause of disability in young adults around the world. MS occurs in people of all ages, races, and ethnicities. MS is characterized by clinical symptoms resulting from lesions in the brain, spinal cord, or optic nerves that can affect balance, gait, and fall risk. Lesions accumulate over time and occur in different areas of the CNS causing symptoms that include weakness, spasticity, and fatigue, as well as changes in sensation, coordination, vision, cognition, and bladder function. Thus, it is not surprising that imbalance, gait dysfunction, and falls are common in people with MS. The overwhelming majority have abnormalities of postural control and gait even early in the disease course. In all, 50-80% have balance and gait dysfunction and over 50% fall at least once each year. Balance dysfunction in MS is conceptualized as three interrelated problems: decreased ability to maintain position, limited and slowed movement towards limits of stability, and delayed responses to postural displacements and perturbations. In addition, functional balance performance may be affected by impaired dual-task integration. Walking changes in MS include reduced gait speed, impaired walking balance, and reduced walking-related physical activity. Falls in people with MS are associated with injuries, reduced participation, and increased fear of falling. A wide and growing range of rehabilitation and medical interventions are available to address the changes in balance, gait, and fall risk associated with MS.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/b978-0-444-63916-5.00015-x

Cites

119 of 119 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS)
Kurtzke, J. F. (1983) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.33.11.1444 · Cited by 15,011
The Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite measure (MSFC): an integrated approach to MS clinical outcome assessment
Fischer, J. S., Rudick, R. A., Cutter, G., & Reingold, S. C. (1999) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/135245859900500409 · Cited by 997
Measuring the impact of MS on walking ability
Hobart, J. C., Riazi, A., Lamping, D. L., Fitzpatrick, R. M., & Thompson, A. J. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.60.1.31 · Cited by 826
Evaluation of the six-minute walk in multiple sclerosis subjects and healthy controls
Goldman, M. D., Marrie, R. A., & Cohen, J. A. (2007) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458507082607 · Cited by 675
Sustained-release oral fampridine in multiple sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial
Goodman, A. D., Brown, T. R., Krupp, L., Schapiro, R. T., Schwid, S. R., Cohen, R., Marinucci, L. N., & Blight, A. R. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60442-6 · Cited by 552
Gait and balance impairment in early multiple sclerosis in the absence of clinical disability
Martin, C. L., Phillips, B. A., Kilpatrick, T. J., Butzkueven, H., Tubridy, N. J., McDonald, E. A., & Galea, M. P. (2006) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458506070658 · Cited by 543
Effect of Exercise Training on Walking Mobility in Multiple Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis
Snook, E. M., & Motl, R. W. (2008) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968308320641 · Cited by 375
Predicting accidental falls in people with multiple sclerosis — a longitudinal study
Nilsagård, Y. E., Lundholm, C., Denison, E., & Gunnarsson, L. (2009) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215508095087 · Cited by 349
Self-citation
Risk Factors for Falling Among People Aged 45 to 90 Years With Multiple Sclerosis
Finlayson, M. L., Peterson, E. W., & Cho, C. C. (2006) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.06.002 · Cited by 332
Gait analysis in multiple sclerosis: Characterization of temporal–spatial parameters using GAITRite functional ambulation system
Givon, U., Zeilig, G., & Achiron, A. (2008) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.07.011 · Cited by 316

Show all 115 references

Sorted by citations

Effects of exercise in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Du, L., Xi, H., Zhang, S., Zhou, Y., Tao, X., Lv, Y., Hou, X., & Yu, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1387658 · Cited by 92
“It has been reported that 50–80% people with MS have balance and gait dysfunction and over 50% fall at least once each year (64).”
Background
Mobilise-D insights to estimate real-world walking speed in multiple conditions with a wearable device
Kirk, C., Küderle, A., Micó-Amigo, M. E., Bonci, T., Paraschiv-Ionescu, A., Ullrich, M., Soltani, A., Gazit, E., Salis, F., Alcock, L., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-51766-5 · Cited by 86
Fear of falling and falls in people with multiple sclerosis: A literature review
Scholz, M., Haase, R., Trentzsch, K., Weidemann, M. L., & Ziemssen, T. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102609 · Cited by 79
Effect of Exercise on Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: A Network Meta-analysis Comparing Different Types of Exercise
Torres-Costoso, A. I., Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V., Reina‐Gutiérrez, S., Álvarez‐Bueno, C., Guzmán‐Pavón, M. J., Pozuelo‐Carrascosa, D. P., Fernández‐Rodríguez, R., Sánchez‐López, M., & Cavero‐Redondo, I. (2021) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.08.008 · Cited by 82
Mobility and balance rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis
Corrini, C., Gervasoni, E., Perini, G., Cosentino, C., Putzolu, M., Montesano, A., Pelosin, E., Prosperini, L., & Cattaneo, D. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.104424 · Cited by 89
Efficacy of Virtual Reality and Exergaming in Improving Balance in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Calafiore, D., Invernizzi, M., Ammendolia, A., Marotta, N., Fortunato, F., Paolucci, T., Ferraro, F., Curci, C., Ćwirlej-Sozańska, A. B., & Alessandro de, S. I. R. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.773459 · Cited by 68
Wearable sensors can reliably quantify gait alterations associated with disability in people with progressive multiple sclerosis in a clinical setting
Angelini, L., Hodgkinson, W., Smith, C., Dodd, J. M., Sharrack, B., Mazzà, C., & Paling, D. (2020) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-020-09928-8 · Cited by 65
“, step or stride duration) [27], and one was placed on the back overlying the fifth lumbar vertebra [15] to extract the gait quality measures related to poor balance control and altered coordination [20].”
BackgroundMethod
Next Steps in Wearable Technology and Community Ambulation in Multiple Sclerosis
Frechette, M. L., Meyer, B. M., Tulipani, L. J., Gurchiek, R. D., McGinnis, R. S., & Sosnoff, J. J. (2019) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-019-0997-9 · Cited by 55
Gait Analysis in Neurorehabilitation: From Research to Clinical Practice
Bonanno, M., Nunzio, A. M. D., Quartarone, A., et al. (2023) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering10070785 · Cited by 53
“The pathological gait features are related to the presence of spasticity, ataxia, muscle weakness, and sensory and proprioceptive deficits, causing a progressive disability [22].”
BackgroundInfluential
What is the impact of robotic rehabilitation on balance and gait outcomes in people with multiple sclerosis? A systematic review of randomized control trials
Bowman, T., on behalf of "CICERONE" Italian Consensus Group for Robotic Rehabilitation, Gervasoni, E., Amico, A. P., Antenucci, R., Benanti, P., Boldrini, P., Bonaiuti, D., BURINI, A., Castelli, E., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.21.06692-2 · Cited by 46
Effect of dual-task training on balance in patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Cinnera, A. M., Bisirri, A., Leone, E., Morone, G., & Gaeta, A. (2021) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/02692155211010372 · Cited by 46
“The most used cognitive tasks were (1) reciting the days and months in reverse order, (2) naming objects, (3) remembering things, (4) talking or solving logical questions.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effects of Pilates-based telerehabilitation on physical performance and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis
Eldemir, K., Guclu‐Gunduz, A., Eldemir, S., Saygılı, F., Özkul, Ç., & İrkeç, C. (2023) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2023.2205174 · Cited by 44
“Walking disorders are related to muscle weakness, imbalance, and fatigue in PwMS [2].”
Background
Automated Detection of Real-World Falls: Modeled From People With Multiple Sclerosis
MOSQUERA-LOPEZ, C. M., Wan, E. A., Shastry, M. C., et al. (2020) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.3041035 · Cited by 42
Self-citation
Clinical assessment, management, and rehabilitation of walking impairment in MS: an expert review
Soler, B., Ramari, C., Valet, M., Dalgas, U., & Feys, P. (2020) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1801425 · Cited by 38
Oleacein Attenuates the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis through Both Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Gutiérrez-Miranda, B., Gallardo, I., Melliou, E., Cabero, I., Álvarez, Y., Magiatis, P., Hernández, M., & Nieto, M. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9111161 · Cited by 34
“Multiple Sclerosis (MS) shares those characteristics; being a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that can affect spinal cord, brain and optic nerves [5].”
Background
Central vestibular dysfunction: don’t forget vestibular rehabilitation
Zhang, S., Liu, D., Tian, E., Wang, J., Guo, Z., & Kong, W. (2022) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2022.2106129 · Cited by 39
“that can affect balance, gait and lead to fall [125].”
Background
Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Machine Learning Approach
Marotta, N., Alessandro de, S. I. R. E., Marinaro, C., Moggio, L., Inzitari, M. T., Russo, I., Tasselli, A., Paolucci, T., Valentino, P., & Ammendolia, A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11123505 · Cited by 41
Test–Retest Reliability of the Mini-BESTest in People With Mild to Moderate Multiple Sclerosis
Wallin, A., Kierkegaard, M., Franzén, E., & Johansson, S. (2021) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzab045 · Cited by 33
Identifying falls remotely in people with multiple sclerosis
Block, V. J., Pitsch, E. A., Gopal, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10743-y · Cited by 30
On the use of wearable sensors as mobility biomarkers in the marketing authorization of new drugs: A regulatory perspective
Viceconti, M., Tome, M. B., Dartee, W., Knezevic, I., Penna, S. H., Mazzà, C., Caulfield, B., García‐Aymerich, J., Becker, C., Maetzler, W., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.996903 · Cited by 34
Balance Testing in Multiple Sclerosis—Improving Neurological Assessment With Static Posturography?
Inojosa, H., Schriefer, D., Klöditz, A., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00135 · Cited by 30
Effects of a 10-week multimodal dance and art intervention program leading to a public performance in persons with multiple sclerosis - A controlled pilot-trial
Geel, F. V., Asch, P. V., Veldkamp, R., & Feys, P. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102256 · Cited by 33
Effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation on balance and gait in patients with multiple sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Nombela-Cabrera, R., Pérez‐Nombela, S., Avendaño‐Coy, J., Comino‐Suárez, N., Arroyo-Fernández, R., Gómez‐Soriano, J., & Serrano‐Muñoz, D. (2023) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-023-01266-w · Cited by 34
“All these symptoms contribute to an increased risk of falls [4, 5], affecting daily activities and reducing activity and participation [6].”
Background
Use of Wearable Sensors to Assess Fall Risk in Neurological Disorders: Systematic Review
Bonanno, M., Ielo, A., Pasquale, P. D., Celesti, A., Nunzio, A. M. D., Quartarone, A., & Calabrò, R. S. (2025) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/67265 · Cited by 30
“Moreover, some studies have emphasized that patients with MS have reduced joint motion at the hip and ankle and increased joint motion at the knee, with a hyperextension that is more pronounced during midstance [59].”
The reliability and validity of the 30-second chair stand test and modified four square step test in persons with multiple sclerosis
Özkeskin, M., Özden, F., Ar, E., & Yüceyar, N. (2022) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2022.2070811 · Cited by 29
“Fifty to eighty percent of people with MS reported balance and gait disturbances (Cameron and Nilsagard, 2018).”
Effectiveness of Virtual Reality on Balance and Risk of Falls in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Castellano-Aguilera, A., Biviá-Roig, G., Cuenca‐Martínez, F., Suso‐Martí, L., Calatayud, J., Blanco‐Díaz, M., & Casaña, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114192 · Cited by 27
“Risk of falls is considered one as the most disabling symptoms, given that it reduces one’s mobility and independence, so it directly influences one’s quality of life, decreasing it notably [5,6].”
Background
A Systematic Review of Total Knee Arthroplasty in Neurologic Conditions: Survivorship, Complications, and Surgical Considerations
Pomeroy, E., Fenelon, C., Murphy, E. P., Staunton, P. F., Rowan, F. E., & Cleary, M. S. (2020) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2020.08.008 · Cited by 25
Do Pilates exercises improve balance in patients with multiple sclerosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Arık, M. I., Kiloatar, H., & Saraçoğlu, İ. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.103410 · Cited by 24
Clinical and MRI features of gait and balance disorders in neurodegenerative diseases
Sarasso, E., Filippi, M., & Agosta, F. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11544-7 · Cited by 24
“Since the early phase of the disease, patients can present with lower limb functional alterations such as muscle weakness, proprioceptive deficits and increased muscle tone that influence the ability to walk [20].”
BackgroundInfluential
Exercise-based gaming in patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Elhusein, A. M., Fadlalmola, H. A., Awadalkareem, E. M., Alhusain, E. Y. M., Alnassry, S. M. A., Alshammari, M., Abdulrahman, E. E. H., Fadila, D. E. S., Ibrahim, F. M., Saeed, A., et al. (2024) · Belitung Nursing Journal · doi:10.33546/bnj.3006 · Cited by 24
“Balance disturbance is a noteworthy disability that is frequently seen in MS patients and can increase the risk of falling and limit independence in daily living tasks (Cameron & Nilsagard, 2018; Kraft & Berger, 2021; OMalley et al., 2022; Paolucci et al., 2020).”
Fear of falling and common symptoms of multiple sclerosis: Physical function, cognition, fatigue, depression, and sleep – A systematic review
Abou, L., Peters, J., Freire, B., & Sosnoff, J. J. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105506 · Cited by 24
The functional reach test in people with multiple sclerosis: a reliability and validity study
Söke, F., Eldemir, S., Özkan, T., Özkul, Ç., Gülşen, E. Ö., Gülşen, Ç., Eldemir, K., İrkeç, C., Koçer, B., Çağlayan, H. Z. B., et al. (2021) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2021.1938308 · Cited by 23
“Limited and slowed movement toward LOS are the essential components of balanced dysfunction in people with MS (Cameron and Lord, 2010; Cameron and Nilsagard, 2018).”
Background
Digital remote monitoring of people with multiple sclerosis
Dini, M., Comi, G., & Leocani, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1514813 · Cited by 26
“Falls are a major health concern for pwMS, as over 50% of them are estimated to experience at least one fall in a 6-month period, of which half result in injury (16).”
Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA) position statement on exercise for people with mild to moderate multiple sclerosis
Hoang, P. D., Lord, S. R., Gandevia, S. C., & Menant, J. C. (2021) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2021.08.015 · Cited by 25
A Multifactorial Model of Multiple Sclerosis Gait and Its Changes Across Different Disability Levels
Angelini, L., Buckley, E. E., Bonci, T., Radford, A., Sharrack, B., Paling, D., Nair, K. P. S., & Mazzà, C. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2021.3061998 · Cited by 22
Multiple sclerosis: Motor dysfunction
Younger, D. S. (2023) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00016-8 · Cited by 26
Evaluation of walking activity and gait to identify physical and mental fatigue in neurodegenerative and immune disorders: preliminary insights from the IDEA-FAST feasibility study
Hinchliffe, C. H. L., Rehman, R. Z. U., Pinaud, C., Branco, D., Jackson, D., Ahmaniemi, T., Guerreiro, T., Chatterjee, M., Manyakov, N. V., Pandis, I., et al. (2024) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-024-01390-1 · Cited by 21
A multi-modal virtual reality treadmill intervention for enhancing mobility and cognitive function in people with multiple sclerosis: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Hsieh, K. L., Mirelman, A., Shema-Shiratzky, S., Galperin, I., Regev, K., Shen, S., Schmitz‐Hübsch, T., Karni, A., Paul, F., Devos, H., et al. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.106122 · Cited by 21
Effects of brain-computer interface with functional electrical stimulation for gait rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis patients: preliminary findings in gait speed and event-related desynchronization onset latency
Carrere, L. C., Taborda, M., Ballario, C., & Tabernig, C. B. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac39b8 · Cited by 20
“Among the altered biomechanics parameters, there is a limited ankle dorsiflexion during the swing phase of gait due to weakness in the tibialis anterior that leads to foot drop [2, 4].”
Effects of Balance Exercise Interventions on Balance-Related Performance in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Wallin, A., Johansson, S., Brincks, J., Dalgas, U., Franzén, E., & Callesen, J. (2024) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/15459683241273402 · Cited by 21
Prevalence and determinants of falls in persons with multiple sclerosis without a clinical disability
Abasıyanık, Z., Kahraman, T., Ertekin, Ö., Baba, C., & Özakbaş, S. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.102771 · Cited by 22
Usability of a Fall Risk mHealth App for People With Multiple Sclerosis: Mixed Methods Study
Hsieh, K. L., Fanning, J. T., Frechette, M. L., & Sosnoff, J. J. (2021) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/25604 · Cited by 17
Is Resistance Training an Option to Improve Functionality and Muscle Strength in Middle-Aged People with Multiple Sclerosis? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Cano-Sánchez, J., Aibar‐Almazán, A., Hita‐Contreras, F., Afanador-Restrepo, D. F., Martínez‐Amat, A., Achalandabaso‐Ochoa, A., & Carcelén‐Fraile, M. D. C. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13051378 · Cited by 19
“This leads to associated problems such as an increased risk of falls and morbidity [22,23].”
Background
Detection of Fall Risk in Multiple Sclerosis by Gait Analysis—An Innovative Approach Using Feature Selection Ensemble and Machine Learning Algorithms
Schumann, P., Scholz, M., Trentzsch, K., et al. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12111477 · Cited by 18
Factors contributing to falls in people with multiple sclerosis: The exploration of the moderation and mediation effects
Jawad, A., Baattaiah, B. A., Alharbi, M. D., Chevidikunnan, M. F., & Khan, F. R. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.104838 · Cited by 18
Reflex Locomotion Therapy for Balance, Gait, and Fatigue Rehabilitation in Subjects with Multiple Sclerosis
Carratalá‐Tejada, M., Cuesta‐Gómez, A., Ortiz-Gutiérrez, R. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11030567 · Cited by 18
“In all, 50-80% have balance, and gait dysfunction and over 50% fall at least once each year [33].”
Background
The effect of prioritization over cognitive-motor interference in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and healthy controls
Postigo-Alonso, B., Galvao-Carmona, A., Conde, C., Jover, A., Molina, S., Peña-Toledo, M. Á., Valverde-Moyano, R., & Agüera, E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226775 · Cited by 18
“(pwMS) exhibit cognitive impairment detectable with neuropsychological evaluation [1,2] and 50–80% have balance and gait dysfunction [3], which might begin early in the disease course [2,3].”
Background
White Matter Microstructure of the Cerebellar Peduncles Is Associated with Balance Performance during Sensory Re-Weighting in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Odom, A. D., Richmond, S. B., & Fling, B. W. (2020) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-020-01190-y · Cited by 18
Unwrapping the “black box” of balance training in people with multiple sclerosis – A descriptive systematic review of intervention components, progression, and intensity
Brincks, J., Dalgas, U., Franzén, E., et al. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.104412 · Cited by 17
Bidirectional association between falls and multimorbidity in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults: a national longitudinal study
Tian, Y., Zhou, X., Jiang, Y., Pan, Y., Liu, X., & Gu, X. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-59865-z · Cited by 17
Visual Feedback and Postural Control in Multiple Sclerosis
Inojosa, H., Schriefer, D., Trentzsch, K., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9051291 · Cited by 17
Effects of exergaming on cognition, lower limb functional coordination, and stepping time in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial
Molhemi, F., Mehravar, M., Monjezi, S., Salehi, R., Negahban, H., Yazdi, M. J. S., & Majdinasab, N. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2060332 · Cited by 16
Fall risk is related to cognitive functioning in ambulatory multiple sclerosis patients
Bilgin, Y. O. U., Köşkderelioğlu, A., & Gedizlioğlu, M. (2023) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-023-06770-4 · Cited by 16
“reported that younger and active subjects frequently fell outside [36].”
Background
Devices for Gait and Balance Rehabilitation: General Classification and a Narrative Review of End Effector-Based Manipulators
Paúl, D., Herrero, S., Macho, E., Corral, J., Díez, M., Campa, F. J., & Pinto, C. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14104147 · Cited by 16
“Besides stroke, other CNS disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), lead to balance and gait function impairment [12,13].”
Relationship of Motor Impairment with Cognitive and Emotional Alterations in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Cuerda‐Ballester, M., Martínez‐Rubio, D., García-Pardo, M. P., Proaño, B., Cubero-Plazas, L., Calvo-Capilla, A., Sancho-Cantus, D., & Ortí, J. E. D. L. R. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021387 · Cited by 15
“There have also been studies that analyze alterations in functional capacity [69,70], directly related to balance and walking ability [71].”
Background
Evaluating the contribution of reactive balance to prediction of fall rates cross-sectionally and longitudinally in persons with multiple sclerosis
Liew, C. V., Huisinga, J. M., & Peterson, D. S. (2021) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.11.008 · Cited by 14
Benefits of Equine-Assisted Therapies in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review
Pérez, A. M. L., Collado‐Mateo, D., Caña-Pino, A., Villafaina, S., Parraça, J. A., & Apolo-Arenas, M. D. (2022) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2022/9656503 · Cited by 14
“is is relevant, since falls are associated with injuries, lower participation, and increased fear of falling in this population [6].”
Background
MAP kinase inhibitor PD98059 regulates Th1, Th9, Th17, and natural T regulatory cells in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of multiple sclerosis
Ahmad, S. F., Ansari, M. A., Nadeem, A., Bakheet, S. A., Alasmari, A. F., Shahid, M., Al‐Mazroua, H. A., Alomar, H. A., AsSobeai, H. M., Alshamrani, A. A., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176086 · Cited by 15
Frailty in multiple sclerosis: A scoping review
Worikat, N. A., Molaei, F., Zanotto, A., Tabatabaei, A., LYNCH, S. G., Troen, B. R., Sosnoff, J. J., & Zanotto, T. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.106157 · Cited by 14
“Accidental falls are one of the main clinical concerns in pwMS (Cameron and Nilsagard, 2018).”
Minimal clinically important difference of modified dynamic gait index in people with neurological disorders
Corrini, C., Torchio, A., Anastasi, D., Parelli, R., Meotti, M., Spedicato, A., Groppo, E., d’Arma, A., Grosso, C., Montesano, A., et al. (2021) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.08.024 · Cited by 13
Physical Telerehabilitation interventions for Gait and balance in Multiple sclerosis: A Scoping review
Doherty, F., Powell, P., McBride, C., et al. (2023) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2023.122827 · Cited by 13
“Gait and balance changes include decreased walking speed, impaired walking balance and decreased ability to maintain posture control [5].”
Effects of photobiomodulation therapy on muscle function in individuals with multiple sclerosis
Rouhani, M., Tolentino, M., Lyons, J., & Ng, A. V. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105598 · Cited by 13
Effects of exercise on balance function in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Zhang, Y., Li, G., Su, H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-025-13129-6 · Cited by 13
“The longitudinal studies indicate that 50–80% of patients experience gait impairment early in the disease course, with progressive balance decline strongly associated with damage to spinal-cerebellar pathway due to lesion accumulation [11].”
Use of Robotic Devices for Gait Training in Patients Diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis: Current State of the Art
la Cruz, S. P. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22072580 · Cited by 14
Priming of postural training with cerebellar anodal transcranial direct current stimulation for its effects on postural balance and fear of falling in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study
Ehsani, F., Ahmadi, M., Masoudian, N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2022.03.025 · Cited by 13
Effects of backward walking training on balance, gait, and functional mobility in people with multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled study
Söke, F., Aydin, F., Karakoç, S., Gülşen, Ç., Yaşa, M. E., Ersoy, N., Gülşen, E. Ö., & Yücesan, C. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.104961 · Cited by 13
Chest-Based Wearables and Individualized Distributions for Assessing Postural Sway in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis
Meyer, B. M., Cohen, J. G., Donahue, N., Fox, S. R., O’Leary, A., Brown, A. J., Leahy, C., VanDyk, T. G., DePetrillo, P. B., Ceruolo, M., et al. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2023.3267807 · Cited by 12
Clinical Management in Multiple Sclerosis
Arredondo-Robles, A. V., Rodriguez-Lopez, K., & Ávila‐Avilés, R. D. (2025) · Neuroglia · doi:10.3390/neuroglia6010006 · Cited by 15
“According to the nature of the lesions within the CNS, there may be different patterns of gait deficits, for instance spastic paresis, cerebellar ataxia, sensory ataxia, or even a combination of patterns [103,104].”
Characteristics of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: Disease activity and provision of care in Germany – A registry-based/multicentric cohort study
Frahm, N., Ellenberger, D., Fneish, F., Kleinschnitz, C., Warnke, C., Zettl, U. K., Paul, F., Rauser, B., Stahmann, A., Vogelmann, V., et al. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.103281 · Cited by 13
Simplified stance limb kinetics patterns revealed during gait initiation in early stage of multiple sclerosis
Massot, C., Simoneau-Buessinger, É., Péron, D., et al. (2021) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105549 · Cited by 12
Rehabilitation to Improve Gaze and Postural Stability in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Loyd, B. J., Fangman, A., Peterson, D. S., Gappmaier, E., Thackeray, A., Schubert, M. C., & Dibble, L. E. (2022) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/15459683221124126 · Cited by 17
Pelvic floor dysfunction negatively impacts general functional performance in patients with multiple sclerosis
Aguilar‐Zafra, S., del Corral, T., Vidal‐Quevedo, C., Rodríguez‐Durán, P., & López‐de‐Uralde‐Villanueva, I. (2020) · Neurourology and Urodynamics · doi:10.1002/nau.24314 · Cited by 12
Assessing balance in non-disabled subjects with multiple sclerosis: Validation of the Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale
Mattos, F. G. M., Gervasoni, E., Anastasi, D., Giovanni, R. D., Tacchino, A., Brichetto, G., Carpinella, I., Confalonieri, P. A., Vercellino, M., Solaro, C. M., et al. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102085 · Cited by 12
A custom-built step exergame training programme to prevent falls in people with multiple sclerosis: A multicentre randomised controlled trial
Hoang, P. D., Sturnieks, D. L., Butler, A., Chaplin, C., Hicks, C., Lo, J. C. M., Ratanapongleka, M., Robinson, S., Smith, N., Turner, J., et al. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585241229360 · Cited by 14
Investigating the effects of core stability training on balance and gait in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Choobsaz, H., Sangtarash, F., Javaherian, M., et al. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105686 · Cited by 11
Feasibility and effectiveness of telerehabilitation on mobility and balance function in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Doherty, F., Lynch, P., Powell, P., & Monaghan, K. (2024) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2024.123214 · Cited by 12
“Specifically, gait dysfunction includes reduced walking velocity and stride length, impaired walking balance and reduced walking physical activities [6].”
Background
Longitudinal relationships between disability and gait characteristics in people with MS
Dreyer-Alster, S., Menascu, S., Dolev, M., Givon, U., Magalashvili, D., Achiron, A., & Kalron, A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07734-y · Cited by 13
Kinesiophobia Levels in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Investigation
Ruiz‐Sánchez, F. J., Martins, M. D. R., Soares, S., Morales, C. R., López‐López, D., Gómez-Salgado, J. C., & Jiménez‐Cebrián, A. M. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11101428 · Cited by 11
“MS is accompanied by the presence of symptoms arising from injuries to the spinal cord and the optic nerves or brain that can influence the postural balance, as well as walking problems, muscle weakness, spasticity, fatigue, and higher fall risk [13].”
Background
Gait assessment in shaped pathways: The test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the figure of eight test and L test in multiple sclerosis patients without mobility aids
Özden, F., Özkeskin, M., Ar, E., & Yüceyar, N. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103998 · Cited by 11
The effect of balance, walking capacity, and fear of falling on the level of community integration in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis: A cross-sectional study
SÖYLEMEZ, B., Cetisli-Korkmaz, N., Tekin, S., Bir, L. S., & Şenol, H. (2023) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2023.2229903 · Cited by 10
“In addition, there are few studies that have examined the level of self-efficacy related to balance confidence and FoF during daily living activities (Cameron and Nilsagard, 2018; Judd, Hildebrand, Goldman, and Cameron, 2022; Kalron, Aloni, Givon, and Menascu, 2018).”
Thymoquinone improves experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by regulating both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines
Kazemi, R., Yazdanpanah, E., Esmaeili, S., Yousefi, B., Baharlou, R., & Haghmorad, D. (2024) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-023-09148-z · Cited by 12
“Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a long-lasting, debilitating condition that causes neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) [1].”
The agreement between face-to-face and tele-assessment of balance tests in patients with multiple sclerosis
Erekdağ, A., ŞENER, İ. N., Alpözgen, A. Z., Gündüz, T., Eraksoy, M., & Kürtüncü, M. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105766 · Cited by 10
Effects of a 6-Week Treadmill Training With and Without Virtual Reality on Frailty in People With Multiple Sclerosis
Zanotto, T., Galperin, I., Kumar, D. P., et al. (2024) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2024.09.010 · Cited by 10
Relationship between balance confidence and social engagement in people with multiple sclerosis
Judd, G. I., Hildebrand, A. D., Goldman, M. D., & Cameron, M. H. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.103440 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Core stability-based balance training and kinesio taping for balance, trunk control, fear of falling and walking capacity in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized single-blinded study
Yaşa, M. E., Özkan, T., Ünlüer, N. Ö., Celenay, S. T., & Anlar, Ö. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.104178 · Cited by 13
Biopsychosocial Response to the COVID-19 Lockdown in People with Major Depressive Disorder and Multiple Sclerosis
Siddi, S., Giné-Vázquez, I., Bailón, R., Matcham, F., Lamers, F., Kontaxis, S., Laporta, E., Pagès, E. G., Arranz, B., Costa, G. D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11237163 · Cited by 9
Kinematic Gait Analysis in People with Mild-Disability Multiple Sclerosis Using Statistical Parametric Mapping: A Cross-Sectional Study
Vázquez, D. F., Calvo-Malón, G., Rueda, F. M., López-González, R., Carratalá‐Tejada, M., Navarro‐López, V., & Miangolarra‐Page, J. C. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23187671 · Cited by 11
“Speciﬁcally, these subjects walked with a reduced speed, stride length and cadence compared with the controls [3].”
Background
Fall Assessment and Monitoring in People With Multiple Sclerosis
Gopal, A., Gelfand, J. M., Bove, R. M., et al. (2023) · Neurology Clinical Practice · doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000200184 · Cited by 10
“Although physical injury is a major concern, sustaining a fall can also cause fear of falling.(33) In turn, this often leads to reduced physical activity,(34,35) which can aggravate the primary causes of falls (i.”
Background
A Closed-Loop Falls Monitoring and Prevention App for Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Practice: Human-Centered Design of the Multiple Sclerosis Falls InsightTrack
Block, V. J., Koshal, K., Wijangco, J., Miller, N., Sara, N., Henderson, K., Reihm, J., Gopal, A., Mohan, S. D., Gelfand, J. M., et al. (2023) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/49331 · Cited by 12
Potential efficacy of caffeine ingestion on balance and mobility in patients with multiple sclerosis: Preliminary evidence from a single-arm pilot clinical trial
Dadvar, A., Jameie, M., Looha, M. A., Parsaei, M., Bujani, M. Z., Amanollahi, M., Babaei, M., Khosravi, A., & Amirifard, H. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297235 · Cited by 10
Combined effect of gender differences and fatiguing task on postural balance, functional mobility and fall risk in adults with multiple sclerosis: A preliminary study
Jallouli, S., Dhia, I. B., Sakka, S., Mhiri, C., Yahia, A., Elleuch, M. H., Hammouda, O., & Ghroubi, S. (2022) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.2022.2112370 · Cited by 10
“MS is characterized by affecting women two to four times more than men [2] but the disease progression is faster and more severe in men [3].”
Background
Investigation of parameters related to lower extremity muscle strength and proprioception in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: a cross-sectional study
Özkan, T., Yaşa, M. E., Ünlüer, N. Ö., Korkmaz, B., Uysal, İ., & Vural, G. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.105042 · Cited by 13
Disclosing or concealing multiple sclerosis in the workplace: two sides of the same coin—insights from a Swedish population-based survey
Dervish, J., Arfuch, V. M., Murley, C., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1331746 · Cited by 9
“MS causes a wide range of visible and invisible symptoms (3), including sensory disturbances, reduced mobility, balance issues, vision loss, cognitive impairment, fatigue, pain, and depression (4).”
Background
Exploring Factors Associated with Falls in Multiple Sclerosis: Insights from a Scoping Review
Kaddoura, R., Faraji, H., Othman, M., et al. (2024) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s460475 · Cited by 9
“38 A self-reported nationwide study conducted in 2023 found that balance issues account for the majority of falls in MS. 39 Notably, falls tend to occur during dynamic events, particularly in activities such as transferring and transitioning between positions.”
Background
Bone loss and fracture in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Panah, M. Y., Vaheb, S., Ghaffary, E. M., Shaygannejad, V., Zabeti, A., & Mirmosayyeb, O. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105773 · Cited by 10
A machine learning approach to determine the risk factors for fall in multiple sclerosis
Özgür, S., Toran, M. K., Toygar, İ., et al. (2024) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-024-02621-0 · Cited by 9
“Balance, gait, and movement problems are the most common reasons for falls in PwMS [5, 6].”
Background
Effectiveness of Nintendo Wii Fit© for Physical Therapy in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Alba-Rueda, A., Miguel-Rubio, A. D., & Lucena-Antón, D. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14090896 · Cited by 9
“…and symptoms may be physical (fatigue, spasticity, strength deficit, pain, ataxia, proprioception impairment, or visual and balance problems) [13,14] or cognitive-emotional (depression or cognitive deficit) [15] and/or functional (gait deterioration, reduced manual dexterity, or sexual and…”
Background
Urinary incontinence and impaired physical function are associated with expiratory muscle weakness in patients with multiple sclerosis
Aguilar‐Zafra, S., del Corral, T., Montero-González, N., Hierro, A. D. G., & López‐de‐Uralde‐Villanueva, I. (2021) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2020.1867908 · Cited by 10
“most common mobility limitations in MS [4].”
Predicting falls in adults with multiple sclerosis using patient-reported measures: Are perceptions of dual-tasking missing?
VanNostrand, M., Sogoloff, B., Giroux, C., Bergmans, L., & Kasser, S. L. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.104115 · Cited by 9
Establishment of regression-based normative isometric strength values for major lower limb muscle groups in persons with multiple sclerosis
DelMastro, H. M., Simaitis, L. B., Gromisch, E. S., et al. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.104772 · Cited by 9

Authors: Cameron, M. H., & Nilsagård, Y. E.
Affiliations: Oregon Health & Science University (US)
Corresponding author: Michelle H. Cameron
ORCID: Michelle H. Cameron
Ylva Elisabet Nilsagård
Venue: Handbook of Clinical Neurology
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 2018
Volume: 159
Pages: 237-250
ISSN: 0072-9752 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63916-5.00015-x
OpenAlex: W2901140528
Semantic Scholar: 2dd80ce699e3ddccf18361ebf85fe2d3b33b605a
Cited by: 271
References: 115
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 2
FWCI: 68.29
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Handbook of clinical neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
Keywords: multiple sclerosis, balance disorders, gait disturbance, falls, postural control, dual-task performance, fear of falling, spasticity, fatigue, rehabilitation therapy
MeSH terms: Accidental Falls, Postural Balance, Humans, Multiple Sclerosis, Sensation Disorders, Gait Disorders, Neurologic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Balance, gait, and falls in multiple sclerosis

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks