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Balance, gait, and falls in multiple sclerosis
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and the most widespread nontraumatic cause of disability in young adults around the world. MS occurs in people of all ages, races, and ethnicities. MS is characterized by clinical symptoms resulting from lesions in the brain, spinal cord, or optic nerves that can affect balance, gait, and fall risk. Lesions accumulate over time and occur in different areas of the CNS causing symptoms that include weakness, spasticity, and fatigue, as well as changes in sensation, coordination, vision, cognition, and bladder function. Thus, it is not surprising that imbalance, gait dysfunction, and falls are common in people with MS. The overwhelming majority have abnormalities of postural control and gait even early in the disease course. In all, 50-80% have balance and gait dysfunction and over 50% fall at least once each year. Balance dysfunction in MS is conceptualized as three interrelated problems: decreased ability to maintain position, limited and slowed movement towards limits of stability, and delayed responses to postural displacements and perturbations. In addition, functional balance performance may be affected by impaired dual-task integration. Walking changes in MS include reduced gait speed, impaired walking balance, and reduced walking-related physical activity. Falls in people with MS are associated with injuries, reduced participation, and increased fear of falling. A wide and growing range of rehabilitation and medical interventions are available to address the changes in balance, gait, and fall risk associated with MS.
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Brown, T. R., & Simnad, V. I. (2015) · International Journal of MS Care · doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2015-035 · Cited by 8
Dalfampridine Effects Beyond Walking Speed in Multiple Sclerosis
Fjeldstad, C., Suárez, G., Klingler, M. J., et al. (2015) · International Journal of MS Care · doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2014-036 · Cited by 8
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Effects of exercise in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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“It has been reported that 50–80% people with MS have balance and gait dysfunction and over 50% fall at least once each year (64).”
BackgroundKirk, C., Küderle, A., Micó-Amigo, M. E., Bonci, T., Paraschiv-Ionescu, A., Ullrich, M., Soltani, A., Gazit, E., Salis, F., Alcock, L., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-51766-5 · Cited by 86
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Corrini, C., Gervasoni, E., Perini, G., Cosentino, C., Putzolu, M., Montesano, A., Pelosin, E., Prosperini, L., & Cattaneo, D. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.104424 · Cited by 89
Metadata
- Authors
- Cameron, M. H., & Nilsagård, Y. E.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Michelle H. Cameron
- Venue
- Handbook of Clinical Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 159
- Pages
- 237-250
- ISSN
- 0072-9752 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2901140528
- Semantic Scholar
- 2dd80ce699e3ddccf18361ebf85fe2d3b33b605a
- Cited by
- 271
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 68.29
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Handbook of clinical neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, balance disorders, gait disturbance, falls, postural control, dual-task performance, fear of falling, spasticity, fatigue, rehabilitation therapy
- MeSH terms
- Accidental Falls, Postural Balance, Humans, Multiple Sclerosis, Sensation Disorders, Gait Disorders, Neurologic
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