The DOI matches its Crossref record; 119 of the 119 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Balance, gait, and falls in multiple sclerosis
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and the most widespread nontraumatic cause of disability in young adults around the world. MS occurs in people of all ages, races, and ethnicities. MS is characterized by clinical symptoms resulting from lesions in the brain, spinal cord, or optic nerves that can affect balance, gait, and fall risk. Lesions accumulate over time and occur in different areas of the CNS causing symptoms that include weakness, spasticity, and fatigue, as well as changes in sensation, coordination, vision, cognition, and bladder function. Thus, it is not surprising that imbalance, gait dysfunction, and falls are common in people with MS. The overwhelming majority have abnormalities of postural control and gait even early in the disease course. In all, 50-80% have balance and gait dysfunction and over 50% fall at least once each year. Balance dysfunction in MS is conceptualized as three interrelated problems: decreased ability to maintain position, limited and slowed movement towards limits of stability, and delayed responses to postural displacements and perturbations. In addition, functional balance performance may be affected by impaired dual-task integration. Walking changes in MS include reduced gait speed, impaired walking balance, and reduced walking-related physical activity. Falls in people with MS are associated with injuries, reduced participation, and increased fear of falling. A wide and growing range of rehabilitation and medical interventions are available to address the changes in balance, gait, and fall risk associated with MS.
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“Gait impairment in MS is the consequence of a number of factors, including motor disability and fatigue.(14) In keep with this, worse fatigue was associated with fewer days of walking activities and slower walking speed.”
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“As a result, people with multiple sclerosis are more prone to develop instability, gait impairment, and falls [15] .”
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Lower Limb Strength Differentiates Between Fallers and Nonfallers With Multiple Sclerosis
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“In addition, the proposed latent traits of the balance exercises in the current study are very similar to the three categories of balance problems proposed by Cameron and Nilsagard [10].”
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“Cameron & Nilsagard [8] explain worsening of balance through PwMS, having decreased ability to maintain position, slowed movement toward stability limits, and delayed response to postural displacements.”
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“Awiderangeofreha-bilitationandmedicalinterventionsareavailableto Awiderangeofreha-bilitationandmedicalinterventionsareavailableto addressmotorimpairmentslinkedwithMS[11].”
Gait Monitoring Using An Ankle-Worn Stereo Camera System
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“The ability to measure and monitor these parameters over the different phases is an important clinical tool that reveals an individual’s health status, allows clinicians to assess the cause of the displayed gait abnormalities, and provides reliable metrics to help with early diagnosis and intervention strategies for l…”
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“Several studies have demonstrated that the muscle groups in the lower extremities are disproportionately affected by MS [7], [8], with a consequent decline in motor functions involving gait, balance, and functional capacity [7], [9], [10].”
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MULTİPL SKLEROZLU BİREYLERDE STABİLİTE LİMİTLERİ VE DÜŞME RİSKİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ
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“Balance impairment affects up to 80% of individuals with MS [5].”
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“These challenges affect 50–70% of people with MS (PwMS), with 30% reporting multiple falls and related injuries within a few months [7,8], significantly reducing physical safety, daily activity participation, and quality of life [9,10].”
Sanni, A. A., Lynall, R. C., Backus, D. A., & McCully, K. K. (2021) · Medical Research Archives · doi:10.18103/mra.v9i3.2331 · Cited by 2
Functional intermuscular reduction in spasticity for people with multiple sclerosis
Miller, B., Kolobe, T. H. A., Larson, R. D., Pribble, B. A., Pardo, G., & James, S. A. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/20552173211061547 · Cited by 2
Little, C., Moore, C., Bean, E., Peters, D. M., McGinnis, R. S., & Kasser, S. L. (2022) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.02.031 · Cited by 2
Psychometric properties of the Croatian version of the Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12)
Jerković, A., Ivanišević, M. N., Šimić, N., et al. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2132301 · Cited by 2
Charlotte, L., Beaudart, C., Slomian, J., & Kaux, J. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1719.v1 · Cited by 2
Moeinzadeh, A. M., Calder, A., Petersen, C. J., & Hoermann, S. (2025) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2025.2461265 · Cited by 1
“According to the literature, the reported prevalence of balance and gait dysfunction, fatigue, and cognitive impairment in PwMS are 50-80%, 50-93%, and 34-65%, respectively [30–32].”
Kiloatar, H., Dönmez, S., Türütgen, N., Cetin, M. Y., & Cabuk, F. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111215 · Cited by 1
Dzięcioł-Anikiej, Z., Kuryliszyn-Moskal, A., Kułakowska, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14113854 · Cited by 1
“Studies also report that quantitative parameters defining balance deviations in MS are associated with BMI and age in both static and walking assessments, and therefore should be taken into account when assessing balance disorders in MS [12].”
Walking does not Diminish Localizability of Vibrotactile Feedback on the Waist
Stovicek, K. C., King, S. T., Chase, E. D. Z., et al. (2025) · IEEE World Haptics Conference (WHC) · doi:10.1109/whc64065.2025.11123181 · Cited by 1
“Postural and locomotive imbalances are commonly reported in those with sensory deficits arising from conditions such as lower limb loss [1], [2], stroke [3], spinal cord injury [4], Parkinson’s disease [5], peripheral neuropathy [6], vestibular disorders [7]–[9] and multiple sclerosis [10].”
Polat, H., Kırmacı, Z. İ. K., Uzun, M., Fırat, Y. E., Erel, S., & Neyal, A. M. (2025) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2025.106773 · Cited by 1
Physiotherapy management of multiple sclerosis
Learmonth, Y. C. (2025) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2025.11.008 · Cited by 2
Fawaz, S. I., Izumi, S.-I., Salah, N. M., et al. (2026) · Egyptian Rheumatology and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s43166-025-00374-w · Cited by 1
Santamaría, G., Nieto, N. R., Mielgo, R. C., Miguel, A. M., Cacharro, L. M., Mielgo‐Ayuso, J., & Fernández‐Lázaro, D. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14040552 · Cited by 1
“Balance impairments are common in MS and contribute to fall risk [15].”
Cognitive–motor training – a narrative cornerstone review and systematic classification approach
Weike, L., Toepper, M., Voelcker‐Rehage, C., Dotson, V. M., & Reinsberger, C. (2026) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2026.07.007 · Cited by 1
How Right Are Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Fear of Falling? A Comparative Study
Teki̇n, F., & Bilek, F. (2022) · Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.21020/husbfd.1001761 · Cited by 1
Özkan, T., Guclu‐Gunduz, A., Söke, F., Özkul, Ç., & İrkeç, C. (2021) · Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.21020/husbfd.945324 · Cited by 1
Marjani, F., Rahnama, N., Etemadifar, M., & Shoaei, M. (2022) · journal of ilam university of medical sciences · doi:10.52547/sjimu.30.1.42 · Cited by 1
Preliminary race-ethnicity-based analyses of fall risk among people with multiple sclerosis
Buehler, R., & Yang, F. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.104857 · Cited by 1
Application and Research of Dual-Task Paradigms in Central Nervous System Diseases
Qinyi, L. I., Siyi, L. U. O., Jiang, Y., et al. (2022) · Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1329.2022.05012 · Cited by 1
Osteoporosis in a Woman With Multiple Sclerosis: A Case Report
Kostoglou‐Athanassiou, I., Athanassiou, L., Athanassiou, P., Giannakopoulos, A., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.59287 · Cited by 2
“Multiple sclerosis impairs patient mobility and is a risk factor for falls [14,15].”
BackgroundInfluentialCavallo, C., Gatti, A., Pellino, V. C., Pirazzi, A., Ramat, S., Nunzio, A. M. D., Schmid, M., & Vandoni, M. (2024) · Mechanisms and machine science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-63755-1_12 · Cited by 1
AI-assisted assessment of fall risk in multiple sclerosis: A systematic literature review
Mehrlatifan, S., & Molla, R. Y. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105918 · Cited by 2
Klėgėris, T., Kaski, D. N., Balnytė, R., et al. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.106234 · Cited by 1
Carrere, L. C., Furios, J., Manresa, J. A. B., et al. (2025) · Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express · doi:10.1088/2057-1976/adaaf8 · Cited by 1
Turan, K., Balkan, A. F., Eroğlu, E. Ö., et al. (2025) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.2025.2462733 · Cited by 1
“Most studies on individuals with MS focus on dual-task paradigms, examining how cognitive tasks impact motor functions, and demonstrating that increased cognitive load can lead to deterioration in balance performance [14].”
Krämer, J., & Meuth, S. G. (2021) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1213-2_21 · Cited by 1
4D-Trainer: A Platform for Balance Trainning
Robledo, F. P., Mendes, A. S., Bermejo‐Gil, B. M., et al. (2022) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14859-0_32 · Cited by 1
Different levels of physical activity and postural balance in women with multiple sclerosis
Machado, E. F. A., Moraes, A. G., Bueno, G. A. S., Mendes, F. A. D. S., & de David, A. C. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.20338/bjmb.v17i5.377
Motor-Control Notions in Health and Disease (What Controls Motor Control?)Preprint
Dibaj, P., & Windhorst, U. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1799.v1 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Cameron, M. H., & Nilsagård, Y. E.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Michelle H. Cameron
- Venue
- Handbook of Clinical Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 159
- Pages
- 237-250
- ISSN
- 0072-9752 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2901140528
- Semantic Scholar
- 2dd80ce699e3ddccf18361ebf85fe2d3b33b605a
- Cited by
- 271
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 68.29
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Handbook of clinical neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, balance disorders, gait disturbance, falls, postural control, dual-task performance, fear of falling, spasticity, fatigue, rehabilitation therapy
- MeSH terms
- Accidental Falls, Postural Balance, Humans, Multiple Sclerosis, Sensation Disorders, Gait Disorders, Neurologic
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