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Insights into coacervative and dispersive liquid-phase microextraction strategies with hydrophilic media – A review
Open accessAbstract
Since the development of liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), different LPME modes depending on the experimental set-up to carry out the extraction have been described. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), in which a small amount of the water-insoluble extraction solvent is dispersed in the sample, is the most successful mode in terms of number of applications reported. Advances within DLLME have been mainly shifted to the incorporation of green, smart and tunable materials as extraction solvents to improve the sustainability and efficiency of the method. In this sense, hydrophilic media represent a promising alternative since the water-miscibility of these substances increases the mass transfer of the analytes to the extraction media, leading to higher extraction efficiencies. Considering the variety of hydrophilic media that have been incorporated in LPME approaches resembling DLLME, this review aims to classify these methods in order to clarify the confusing terminology used for some of the strategies. Hydrophilic media covered in this review comprise surfactants, polar organic solvents, deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, water-miscible polymers, and switchable solvents. Different physicochemical mechanisms of phase separation are discussed for each LPME method, including the coacervation phenomena and other driving forces, such as pH, temperature, salting-out effect, metathesis reaction and organic solvents. LPME modes are classified (in cloud-point extraction, coacervative extraction, aqueous biphasic systems, and different DLLME modes depending on the extraction medium) according to both the nature of the water-miscible extraction phase and the driving force of the separation. In addition, the main advances and analytical applications of these methods in the last three years are described.
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“In 2019, Altunay et al. [65] employed for the first time a DESs synthesized by 'natural' components, termed as 'natural DES' (NADES) [66], for a DLLME application.”
From Use of green alternative solvents in dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction: A review (2022) · cites this paper as [66]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pacheco-Fernández, I., González-Martín, R., e Silva, F. A., Freire, M. G., & Pino, V.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de La Laguna (ES)
- University of Aveiro (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Freire, Mara G.
- Pino, Verónica
- Venue
- Analytica Chimica Acta
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 1143
- Pages
- 225-249
- ISSN
- 0003-2670 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3080922247
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 278
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Analytica Chimica Acta (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior
- Universidad de La Laguna
- Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte
- European Social Fund
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MAT2017-89207-R, UIDB/50011/2020, UIDP/50011/2020)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Filtration and Separation › Chemical and Physical Properties in Aqueous Solutions
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography
- Keywords
- liquid-phase microextraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, coacervation, surfactants, deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, switchable solvents, phase separation mechanism, cloud point extraction, aqueous two-phase systems, salting-out, metathesis, green solvents, extraction efficiency
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