Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Liquid Phase Microextraction in a 3D-Printed Millifluidic Flow Cell for the on-Line Determination of Thiabendazole in Juice Samples
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BACKGROUND: At present, 3D printing technology is becoming increasingly popular in analytical chemistry because it enables the rapid and cost-effective manufacture of sample preparation devices, particularly in flow-based operation, opening up new opportunities for the development of automated analytical methods. In parallel, the use of miniaturized methods and sustainable solvents in sample preparation is highly recommended. Accordingly, in this work, a 3D-printed millifluidic device was designed and used for the on-line natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES)-based liquid phase microextraction (LPME) coupled to a spectrofluorometer for, as a proof of concept, the determination of thiabendazole (TBZ) in fruit juice samples. RESULTS: , respectively, which are well below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by the European Union. The greenness and applicability of the proposed analytical method were evaluated using the AGREEPrep, SPMS and BAGI tools and compared with other published methods. In general, the proposed method was superior to others, mainly due to its high sensitivity and high sample throughput. SIGNIFICANCE: Several cells were easily designed with different channel geometries (length and depth) to find the optimal dimensions, and then 3D printed and tested in a relatively fast, cheap and simple way, demonstrating the suitability of 3D printing in the fabrication of millifluidic devices as an alternative to traditional fabrication techniques. In addition, the proposed approach is fully compatible with new sustainable solvents, facilitating the development of green sample preparation methods.
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Integration of DESs into microfluidic systems has enabled extraction processes that require very small sample volumes, shorter analysis times, and high reproducibility.
“The integration of deep eutectic solvents into microfluidic systems has enabled extraction processes that require very small sample volumes, shorter analysis times, and high reproducibility [105].”
From Eco-Friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Applications, and Comparative Insights (2026) · cites this paper as [105]
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- Authors
- Díaz-Álvarez, M., Turiel, E., & Martín-Esteban, A.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Venue
- Analytica Chimica Acta
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-02
- Volume
- 1339
- Pages
- 343617
- ISSN
- 0003-2670 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4406053025
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7
- FWCI
- 6.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Analytica Chimica Acta (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2021-122327OB-I00)
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- European Regional Development Fund
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation
- Keywords
- natural deep eutectic solvents, liquid-phase microextraction, thiabendazole, fruit juice, pesticide residues, on-line sample preparation, green sample preparation, miniaturized analytical devices, maximum residue limits
- MeSH terms
- Fruit and Vegetable Juices, Deep Eutectic Solvents, Food Contamination, Solvents, Thiabendazole, Limit of Detection, Liquid Phase Microextraction, Printing, Three-Dimensional
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