Modular scaffolds assembled around living cells using poly(ethylene glycol) microspheres with macroporation via a non-cytotoxic porogen
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Modular, bioactive, macroporous scaffolds were formed by crosslinking poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) microspheres around living cells. Hydrogel microspheres were produced from reactive PEG derivatives in aqueous sodium sulfate solutions without the use of surfactants or copolymers. Microspheres were formed following thermally induced phase separation if the gel point was reached prior to extensive coarsening of the PEG-rich domains. Three types of PEG microspheres with different functionalities were used to form scaffolds: one type provided mechanical support, the second type provided controlled delivery of the angiogenesis-promoting molecule, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and the third type served as a slowly dissolving non-cytotoxic porogen. Scaffolds were formed by centrifuging microspheres in the presence of HepG2 hepatoma cells, resulting in a homogenous distribution of cells. During overnight incubation at 37 degrees C, the microspheres reacted with serum proteins in cell culture medium to stabilize the scaffolds. Within 2 days in culture, macropores formed due to the dissolution of the porogenic PEG microspheres, without affecting cell viability. Gradients in porosity were produced by varying the buoyancy of the porogenic microspheres. Conjugated RGD cell adhesion peptides and the delivery of S1P promoted endothelial cell infiltration through macropores in the scaffolds. The scaffolds presented here differ from previous hydrogel scaffolds in that: (i) cells are not encapsulated in hydrogel; (ii) macropores form in the presence of cells; and (iii) scaffold properties are controlled by the modular assembly of different microspheres that perform distinct functions.
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Cells in the body perform bioactivities in response to stimulation from a highly complex, 3D microenvironment.
“Cells in our body perform bioactivities in response to the stimulation from a highly complex, 3D microenvironment (15,98,112).”
From Modeling physiological events in 2D vs. 3D cell culture (2017) · cites this paper as [98]
The Results (Cell interactions with scaffolds; page unavailable) show that endothelial-cell infiltration responds to porosity, RGD peptide, and S1P delivery in three-dimensional engineered scaffolds. This supports the general idea that a cell’s surroundings influence its activity, but the paper does not establish the broader claim about cells throughout the body responding to a highly complex natural 3D microenvironment. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Scott, E. A., Nichols, M. D., Kuntz-Willits, R., & Elbert, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Elbert, Donald L.
- Venue
- Acta Biomaterialia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-38
- ISSN
- 1742-7061 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2787810
- OpenAlex
- W1979503272
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 3.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Acta Biomaterialia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL085364)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Keywords
- macroporous scaffolds, thermally induced phase separation, hydrogel microspheres, sphingosine-1-phosphate, angiogenesis, porosity gradient, HepG2 cells, scaffold assembly
- MeSH terms
- Biocompatible Materials, Hot Temperature, Humans, Light, Lysophospholipids, Microspheres, Polyethylene Glycols, Polymers, Scattering, Radiation, Sphingosine, Sulfates, Surface-Active Agents, Temperature, Time Factors, Neovascularization, Physiologic, Hydrogels
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