The role of negative affect in risk for early lapse among low distress tolerance smokers

“The Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) is a 20-item measure of depressive symptoms.”

“The PANAS is a 20-item self-report scale that has demonstrated good psychometric properties (Watson et al., 1988).”

“Specifically, we administered the FTQ and scored it as the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND; see Heatherton et al., 1991) for scoring details.”

“The Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ) was used as a continuous measure of nicotine dependence (Fagerstrom, 1978).”

“…tolerance” to describe the behavioral tendency to pursue a goal despite encountering affective discomfort, which may be in response to perceived physical and/or psychological distress, such as remaining abstinent from smoking in the face of uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms (Brown et al., 2005).”

“Recent evidence also supports the primary role of negative affect factors in nicotine withdrawal as strong determinants of early smoking lapse (Kenford et al., 2002; Piasecki et al., 2000).”

“Nicotine withdrawal symptoms The Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (Piasecki et al., 2000) is a reliable and sensitive scale adapted, in part from the Minnesota Withdrawal Scale (Hughes & Hatsukami, 1986).”

“For example, using ecological momentary assessment approaches to track moment-to-moment changes in smokers' experiences throughout the early course of quit attempts, Shiffman et al. (2004, 2007) found that rapid increases in negative affect often immediately preceded lapse to smoking.”

“For example, Niaura et al. (2001) demonstrated a relationship between symptoms of depression and survival (time to 1st cigarette) in three distinct smoking cessation samples.”

“Across a number of experimental studies (Brandon et al., 2003; Brown et al., 2002; Hajek, Belcher, & Stapleton, 1987), smokers' inability to persist with a physically and/or psychologically distressing task has been associated with a history of early smoking lapse.”

“In one study (McCarthy et al., 2006), escalating negative affect prior to a quit date was associated with poorer smoking outcomes.”

“All rights reserved. on smoking lapse may begin soon after attempts at cessation, as levels of negative affect assessed on quit date have been found to be predictive of smoking lapse (Lerman et al., 2002; McCarthy, Piasecki, Fiore, & Baker, 2006; Westmaas & Langsam, 2005).”

“In addition to their associationwith cigarette smoking, dysphoria and depressive symptoms have consistently been shown to predict smoking cessation failure (Blondal et al., 1999; Burgess et al., 2002; Kinnunen, Doherty, Militello, & Garvey, 1996; Ludman et al., 2000).”

“In addition to their associationwith cigarette smoking, dysphoria and depressive symptoms have consistently been shown to predict smoking cessation failure (Blondal et al., 1999; Burgess et al., 2002; Kinnunen, Doherty, Militello, & Garvey, 1996; Ludman et al., 2000).”

“In addition to their associationwith cigarette smoking, dysphoria and depressive symptoms have consistently been shown to predict smoking cessation failure (Blondal et al., 1999; Burgess et al., 2002; Kinnunen, Doherty, Militello, & Garvey, 1996; Ludman et al., 2000).”

“All rights reserved. on smoking lapse may begin soon after attempts at cessation, as levels of negative affect assessed on quit date have been found to be predictive of smoking lapse (Lerman et al., 2002; McCarthy, Piasecki, Fiore, & Baker, 2006; Westmaas & Langsam, 2005).”

“Distress tolerance has also been conceptualized in terms of emotional vulnerability and found to be related to such constructs as neuroticism, negative affectivity, anxiety sensitivity and emotional dysregulation (Zvolensky & Otto, 2007).”

“An automated apparatus, described in Lejuez et al. (1998), was used for CO2 delivery.”

“…(Brown et al., 2002; Brown et al., 2009) Psychiatric Symptoms (Bonn-Miller et al., 2008) No No evidence Carbon-Dioxide Challenge Smoking Abstinence (Abrantes et al., 2008; Brown et al., 2002; 2009) No No evidence Depressive Sxs (Abrantes et al., 2008) (Abrantes et al., 2008) No evidence Panic Sxs…”

“Much of this work documents that low DT increases risk of very early lapse behavior, including within the first several hours or days of abstinence (e.g., Abrantes et al., 2008; R. A. Brown et al., 2002; Kahler et al., 2013).”

“Such studies have found that smoking and unhealthy eating increase during stressful times (Abrantes et al., 2008; Shi et al., in press; Greeno and Wing, 1994; Magid et al., 2009); alcohol is often used to regulate positive and negative moods (Cooper et al.”

“Previous research has indicated that negative affect, stress, and craving tend to increase on the quit date (e.g., McCarthy, Piasecki, Fiore, & Baker, 2006) and are robust predictors of cessation (e.g., Abrantes et al., 2008; Gwaltney et al., 2005; Kenford et al., 2002; Shiffman et al., 1996).”