Realizing the potential of the Actinium-225 radionuclide generator in targeted alpha particle therapy applications
Open accessAbstract
Alpha particle-emitting isotopes have been proposed as novel cytotoxic agents for augmenting targeted therapy. Properties of alpha particle radiation such as their limited range in tissue of a few cell diameters and their high linear energy transfer leading to dense radiation damage along each alpha track are promising in the treatment of cancer, especially when single cells or clusters of tumor cells are targeted. Actinium-225 (225 Ac) is an alpha particle-emitting radionuclide that generates 4 net alpha particle isotopes in a short decay chain to stable 209 Bi, and as such can be described as an alpha particle nanogenerator. This article reviews the literature pertaining to the research, development, and utilization of targeted 225 Ac to potently and specifically affect cancer.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Alpha-emitting radionuclides like 223Ra selectively irradiate bone metastases while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues.
“The dynamic landscape of bone-targeted radiopharmaceuticals is further emphasized through cases involving alpha-emitting radionuclides, like ^223Ra, which leverage the unique properties of these particles to selectively irradiate bone metastases while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues [111].”
From Radiopharmaceuticals: navigating the frontier of precision medicine and therapeutic innovation (2024) · cites this paper as [111]
The Introduction (section 1; page unavailable) says alpha particles have a short range that confines their toxic effect near the site of decay, supporting the claim about limiting damage to surrounding tissue. The passages on targeted therapy do not establish that 223Ra selectively irradiates bone metastases; searches for “223Ra bone metastases” and “radium-223 bone metastases” found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Tumor therapy with targeted atomic nanogenerators.
McDevitt, M. R., Ma, D., Lai, L. T., Simon, J., Borchardt, P., Frank, R. K., Wu, K., Pellegrini, V., Curcio, M. J., Miederer, M., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1064126 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeted α particle immunotherapy for myeloid leukemia
Jurcic, J. G., Larson, S. M., Sgouros, G., McDevitt, M. R., Finn, R. D., Divgi, C. R., Ballangrud, Å., Hamacher, K. A., Ma, D., Humm, J. L., et al. (2002) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v100.4.1233.h81602001233_1233_1239 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Self-citationTumor Targeting with Antibody-Functionalized, Radiolabeled Carbon Nanotubes
McDevitt, M. R., Chattopadhyay, D., Kappel, B. J., Jaggi, J. S., Schiffman, S. R., Antczak, C., Njardarson, J. T., Brentjens, R. J., & Scheinberg, D. A. (2007) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.106.039131 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Self-citationRadioimmunotherapy with alpha-emitting nuclides
McDevitt, M. R., Sgouros, G., Finn, R. D., Humm, J. L., Jurcic, J. G., Larson, S. M., & Scheinberg, D. A. (1998) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s002590050306 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Self-citationNolan, D. J., Ciarrocchi, A., Mellick, A. S., Jaggi, J. S., Bambino, K., Gupta, S., Heikamp, E., McDevitt, M. R., Scheinberg, D. A., Benezra, R., et al. (2007) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.436307 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Ion-exchange Study of Possible Hybridized 5f Bonding in the Actinides1
Diamond, R. M., Street, K., & Seaborg, G. T. (1954) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja01635a001 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
An alpha-particle emitting antibody ([213Bi]J591) for radioimmunotherapy of prostate cancer.
McDevitt, M. R., Barendswaard, E., Ma, D., Lai, L. T., Curcio, M. J., Sgouros, G., Ballangrud, Å., Yang, W., Finn, R. D., Pellegrini, V., et al. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationDesign and synthesis of 225Ac radioimmunopharmaceuticals.
McDevitt, M. R., Ma, D., Simon, J., Frank, R. K., & Scheinberg, D. A. (2002) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/s0969-8043(02)00167-7 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationProduction of Ac-225 from Th-229 for Targeted α Therapy
Apostolidis, C., Molinet, R., Rasmussen, G., & Morgenstern, A. (2005) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac0580114 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
PET Imaging of Soluble Yttrium-86-Labeled Carbon Nanotubes in Mice
McDevitt, M. R., Chattopadhyay, D., Jaggi, J. S., Finn, R. D., ZANZONICO, P. B., Villa, C. H., Rey, D. A., Mendenhall, J., Batt, C. A., Njardarson, J. T., et al. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000907 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationNikula, T. K., McDevitt, M. R., Finn, R. D., Wu, C., Kozak, R. W., Garmestani, K., Brechbiel, M. W., Curcio, M. J., Pippin, C. G., Tiffany-Jones, L., et al. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationApostolidis, C., Molinet, R., McGinley, J., Abbas, K., Möllenbeck, J., & Morgenstern, A. (2005) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.06.013 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Production of actinium-225 for alpha particle mediated radioimmunotherapy.
Boll, R. A., Malkemus, D., & Mirzadeh, S. (2005) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.12.003 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Cancer radioimmunotherapy with alpha-emitting nuclides
Couturier, O., Supiot, S., Mougin‐Degraef, M., Faivre-Chauvet, A., Carlier, T., Chatal, J., Davodeau, F., & Chérel, M. (2005) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-005-1803-2 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Targeted actinium-225 in vivo generators for therapy of ovarian cancer.
Borchardt, P. E., Yuan, R., Miederer, M., McDevitt, M. R., & Scheinberg, D. A. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationAn 225Ac/213Bi generator system for therapeutic clinical applications: construction and operation.
McDevitt, M. R., Finn, R. D., Sgouros, G., Ma, D., & Scheinberg, D. A. (1999) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/s0969-8043(98)00151-1 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationImproved in Vivo Stability of Actinium-225 Macrocyclic Complexes
Deal, K. A., Davis, I. A., Mirzadeh, S., Kennel, S. J., & Brechbiel, M. W. (1999) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm990141f · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Miederer, M., McDevitt, M. R., Sgouros, G., Kramer, K., Cheung, N. V., & Scheinberg, D. A. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationPreparation of alpha-emitting 213Bi-labeled antibody constructs for clinical use.
McDevitt, M. R., Finn, R. D., Ma, D., Larson, S. M., & Scheinberg, D. A. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of 225actinium chelates: tissue distribution and radiotoxicity
Davis, I. A., Glowienka, K. A., Boll, R. A., Deal, K. A., Brechbiel, M. W., Stabin, M. G., Bochsler, P. N., Mirzadeh, S., & Kennel, S. J. (1999) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/s0969-8051(99)00024-4 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Ballangrud, Å., Yang, W.-H., Palm, S., Enmon, R. M., Borchardt, P. E., Pellegrini, V., McDevitt, M. R., Scheinberg, D. A., & Sgouros, G. (2004) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0800 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationNorenberg, J. P., Krenning, B. J., Konings, I. R. H. M., Kusewitt, D. F., Nayak, T. K., Anderson, T. L., de Jong, M., Garmestani, K., Brechbiel, M. W., & Kvols, L. K. (2006) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1264 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Radiolabeled anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody M195 for myeloid leukemias.
Jurcic, J., Caron, P. C., Nikula, T. K., Papadopoulos, E., Finn, R. D., Gansow, O. A., Miller, W. H., Geerlings, M. W., Warrell, R. P., & Larson, S. M. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Breaking Chemoresistance and Radioresistance with [213Bi]anti-CD45 Antibodies in Leukemia Cells
Friesen, C., Glatting, G., Koop, B., Schwarz, K., Morgenstern, A., Apostolidis, C., Debatin, K., & Reske, S. N. (2007) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3569 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Efforts to Control the Errant Products of a Targeted <i>In vivo</i> Generator
Singh Jaggi, J., Kappel, B. J., McDevitt, M. R., Sgouros, G., Flombaum, C. D., Cabassa, C., & Scheinberg, D. A. (2005) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3096 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationSterically stabilized liposomes as a carrier for α-emitting radium and actinium radionuclides
Henriksen, G., Schoultz, B. W., Michaelsen, T. E., et al. (2004) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2003.11.004 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The feasibility of 225 Ac as a source of ??-particles in radioimmunotherapy
Geerlings, M. W., Kaspersen, F. M., Apostolidis, C., & van der Hout, R. (1993) · Nuclear Medicine Communications · doi:10.1097/00006231-199302000-00009 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Enhanced Retention of the α-Particle-Emitting Daughters of Actinium-225 by Liposome Carriers
Sofou, S., Kappel, B. J., Jaggi, J. S., McDevitt, M. R., Scheinberg, D. A., & Sgouros, G. (2007) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc070075t · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationJaggi, J. S., Seshan, S. V., McDevitt, M. R., LaPerle, K., Sgouros, G., & Scheinberg, D. A. (2005) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2004110945 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationChappell, L. L., Deal, K. A., Dadachova, E., & Brechbiel, M. W. (2000) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc990153f · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Evaluation of 225 Ac for Vascular Targeted Radioimmunotherapy of Lung Tumors
Kennel, S. J., Chappell, L. L., Dadachova, K., Brechbiel, M. W., Lankford, T. K., Davis, I. A., Stabin, M. G., & Mirzadeh, S. (2000) · Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals · doi:10.1089/108497800414329 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Mitigation of radiation nephropathy after internal α-particle irradiation of kidneys
Jaggi, J. S., Seshan, S. V., McDevitt, M. R., Sgouros, G., Hyjek, E. M., & Scheinberg, D. A. (2006) · International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics · doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.11.036 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationGenerator-produced alpha-emitters
Mirzadeh, S. (1998) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/s0969-8043(97)00175-9 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Targeting of Radio-Isotopes for Cancer Therapy
Milenic, D. E., & Brechbiel, M. W. (2004) · Cancer Biology & Therapy · doi:10.4161/cbt.3.4.790 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Miederer, M., McDevitt, M. R., Borchardt, P. E., Bergman, I., Kramer, K., Cheung, N. V., & Scheinberg, D. A. (2004) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0859 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationSelective Alpha-Particle Mediated Depletion of Tumor Vasculature with Vascular Normalization
Jaggi, J. S., Henke, E., Seshan, S. V., Kappel, B. J., Chattopadhyay, D., May, C., McDevitt, M. R., Nolan, D., Mittal, V., Benezra, R., et al. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000267 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyer, G. J., Offord, R. E., Künzi, G., et al. (1997) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/s0969-8051(97)80001-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Targeted deletion of T-cell clones using alpha-emitting suicide MHC tetramers
Yuan, R. R., Wong, P., McDevitt, M. R., Doubrovina, E. S., Leiner, I. M., Bornmann, W. G., O’Reilly, R. J., Pamer, E. G., & Scheinberg, D. A. (2004) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2004-01-0324 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationAntczak, C., Jaggi, J. S., LeFave, C. V., Curcio, M. J., McDevitt, M. R., & Scheinberg, D. A. (2006) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc060156+ · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationCytotoxicity of 213Bi- and 225Ac-immunoconjugates
Kaspersen, F. M., Bos, E. S., van Doornmalen, A., et al. (1995) · Nuclear Medicine Communications · doi:10.1097/00006231-199506000-00009 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lambrecht, R. M., Tomiyoshi, K., & Sekine, T. (1997) · Radiochimica Acta · doi:10.1524/ract.1997.77.12.103 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Vaidyanathan, G., Boskovitz, A., Shankar, S., et al. (2004) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.08.018 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Actinium-225 Conjugates of MAb CC49 and Humanized ΔCH 2 CC49
Kennel, S. J., Brechbiel, M. W., Milenic, D. E., et al. (2002) · Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals · doi:10.1089/108497802753773847 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Metabolism of Actinium in the Rat
Taylor, D. M. (1970) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/00004032-197009000-00004 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Comparison of the Biodistribution of 225Ac and Radio-Lanthanides as Citrate Complexes
Beyer, G. J., Bergmann, R., Schomäcker, K., et al. (1990) · Isotopenpraxis Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies · doi:10.1080/10256019008624245 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Beyer, G. (1997) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/s0969-8051(97)00011-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hamacher, K. A., Den, R. B., Den, E. I., & Sgouros, G. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hamacher, K. A., & Sgouros, G. (2001) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1118/1.1395026 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cleavable Linkers to Enhance Selectivity of Antibody-Targeted Therapy of Cancer
Kukis, D. L., Novak‐Hofer, I., & DeNardo, S. J. (2001) · Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals · doi:10.1089/10849780152752065 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Possibility of the existence of divalent actinium in aqueous solution
Yamana, H., Mitsugashira, T., Shiokawa, Y., et al. (1983) · Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry · doi:10.1007/bf02519651 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hamacher, K. A., & Sgouros, G. (1999) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1118/1.598788 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Metabolism of Ac 227 and Its Daughters Th 227 and Ra 223 by Rats
Campbell, J. E., Robajdek, E. S., & Anthony, D. (1956) · Radiation Research · doi:10.2307/3570210 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The centenary of a controversial discovery: actinium
Adloff, J. P. (2000) · Radiochimica Acta · doi:10.1524/ract.2000.88.3-4.123 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hydrolysis of225Actinium trace quantities
Kulikov, E. V., Novgorodov, A. F., & Schumann, D. (1992) · Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry · doi:10.1007/bf02167969 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effects of linker chemistry on the pharmacokinetics of radioimmunoconjugates.
Quadri, S. M. S., & Vriesendorp, H. M. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A Case of Accidental Inhalation of Protactinium-231 and Actinium-227
Newton, D. (1968) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/00004032-196807000-00002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cyclotron production of cesium radionuclides as analogues for francium-221 biodistribution
Finn, R., McDevitt, M. R., Sheh, Y., et al. (2005) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2005.07.162 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- [7]Weast RC. 66th Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. CRC Press, Inc; Boca Raton, FL: 1985. [Google Scholar]
- [9]Methods for the production of Ac-225 and Bi-213 for alpha immunotherapy, ITU Annual Report 1995-(EUR 16368)-Basic Actinide Research 1995, pp. 55–56.
- [10]Koch L, Apostolidis C, Molinet R, Nicolaou G, Janssens W, Schweikert H. Production of Bi-213 and Ac-225, Alpha-Immuno-97 Symposium; Karlsruhe, Germany. 1997. [Google Scholar]
- [14]Boll RA, Mirzadeh S, Kennel SJ, DePaoli DW, Webb OF. Bi-213 for alpha particle mediated radioimmunotherapy. J Label Compds and Radiopharm. 1997;40:341–343. [Google Scholar]
- [18]Jurcic JG, McDevitt MR, Pandit-Taskar N, Divgi CR, Finn RD, Sgouros G, Apostolidis C, Chanel S, Larson SM, Scheinberg DA. Alpha-particle immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with Bismuth-213 and Actinium-225. Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals. 2006;21(4):396. [Google Scholar]
- [20]Khalkin VA, Tsoupka-Sitnikoz VV, Zaitseva NG. Radionuclides for radiotherapy. Properties, preparation and application of Actinium-225. Radiochemistry. 1997;39:483–492. [Google Scholar]
- [26]Kulikov EV, Novgorodov AF, Schumann D. Hydrolysis of 225Actinium trace quantities. J Radioanal Nucl Chem, Letters. 1992;164:103–108. [Google Scholar]
- [29]Barr GC. USAECReport. UCRL; 1955. Tracer studies with actinium-227; pp. 5–10. [Google Scholar]
- [31]Jolley RD, Horne WPR, Anthony DS. The effects of injected actinium equilibrium on rats and mice. Mound Laboratory Report MLM-1057. 1955:1–8. [Google Scholar]
- [65]Jurcic JG, Divgi CR, McDevitt MR, Ma D, Sgouros G, Finn RD, Larson SM, Scheinberg DA. Potential for myeloablation with yttrium-90 labeled HuM195 (anti-CD33): a Phase I trial in advanced myeloid leukemias. Blood. 1998;92(10):613A. [Google Scholar]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Development of <sup>225</sup>Ac Radiopharmaceuticals: TRIUMF Perspectives and Experiences
Robertson, A. K. H., Ramogida, C. F., Schaffer, P., & Radchenko, V. (2018) · Current Radiopharmaceuticals · doi:10.2174/1874471011666180416161908 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Development of targeted alpha particle therapy for solid tumors.
Tafreshi, N. K., Doligalski, M. L., Tichacek, C. J., Pandya, D. N., Budzevich, M. M., El-Haddad, G., Khushalani, N. I., Moros, E. G., McLaughlin, M. L., Wadas, T. J., et al. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24234314 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Miederer, M., Henriksen, G., Alke, A., Mossbrugger, I., Quintanilla-Martinez, L., Senekowitsch-Schmidtke, R., & Essler, M. (2008) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4647 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationGraf, F., Fahrer, J., Maus, S., Morgenstern, A., Bruchertseifer, F., Venkatachalam, S., Fottner, C., Weber, M. M., Huelsenbeck, J., Schreckenberger, M., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088239 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationRadiopharmaceuticals: navigating the frontier of precision medicine and therapeutic innovation
Dhoundiyal, S., Srivastava, S., Kumar, S., Singh, G., Ashique, S., Pal, R., Mishra, N., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2024) · European Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01627-0 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“The dynamic landscape of bone-targeted radiopharmaceuticals is further emphasized through cases involving alpha-emitting radionuclides, like ^223Ra, which leverage the unique properties of these particles to selectively irradiate bone metastases while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues [111].”
BackgroundHooijman, E. L., Chalashkan, Y., Ling, S. W., Kahyargil, F. F., Segbers, M., Bruchertseifer, F., Morgenstern, A., Seimbille, Y., Koolen, S. L. W., Brabander, T., et al. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13050715 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
- Authors
- Miederer, M., Scheinberg, D. A., & McDevitt, M. R.
- Affiliations
- TUM Klinikum (DE)
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- McDevitt, Michael R.
- Venue
- Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1371-1382
- ISSN
- 0169-409X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3630456
- OpenAlex
- W2034149747
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R21CA128406, R01CA166078, P30CA008748)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Nuclear Energy and Engineering › Advanced Energy Technologies and Civil Engineering Innovations
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Radiological and Ultrasound Technology › Radioactivity and Radon Measurements
- Keywords
- actinium-225, radionuclide generator, targeted alpha therapy, decay chains, linear energy transfer, cancer therapy
- MeSH terms
- Actinium, Alpha Particles, Animals, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Radiometry, Radionuclide Generators, Tissue Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
