Viral Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery, Imaging, Immunotherapy, and Theranostic Applications
Open accessAbstract
Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) encompass a diverse array of naturally occurring nanomaterials derived from plant viruses, bacteriophages, and mammalian viruses. The application and development of VNPs and their genome-free versions, the virus-like particles (VLPs), for nanomedicine is a rapidly growing. VLPs can encapsulate a wide range of active ingredients as well as be genetically or chemically conjugated to targeting ligands to achieve tissue specificity. VLPs are manufactured through scalable fermentation or molecular farming, and the materials are biocompatible and biodegradable. These properties have led to a wide range of applications, including cancer therapies, immunotherapies, vaccines, antimicrobial therapies, cardiovascular therapies, gene therapies, as well as imaging and theranostics. The use of VLPs as drug delivery agents is evolving, and sufficient research must continuously be undertaken to translate these therapies to the clinic. This review highlights some of the novel research efforts currently underway in the VNP drug delivery field in achieving this greater goal.
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VLPs can be used as carriers to deliver small molecules, genes and nucleic acids, or peptides and proteins in cancer therapies, immunotherapies, vaccines and gene therapies.
“VLPs can be used as carriers to deliver small molecules, genes and nucleic acids, or peptides and proteins in cancer therapies, immunotherapies, vaccines and gene therapies [81].”
From Immune responses to gene editing by viral and non-viral delivery vectors used in retinal gene therapy (2022) · cites this paper as [81]
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- [145]Sinovac Biotech to Move Ahead with COVID-19 Vaccine Trial in China https://www.pharmaceutical-business-review.com/news/sinovac-biotech-covid-19-vaccine-trial/ 2020 accessed April 20, 2020
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Delivery of CRISPR-Cas tools for in vivo genome editing therapy: Trends and challenges
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- Authors
- Chung, Y. H., Cai, H., & Steinmetz, N. F.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Steinmetz, Nicole F.
- Venue
- Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 156
- Pages
- 214-235
- ISSN
- 0169-409X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7320870
- OpenAlex
- W3037462895
- Cited by
- 391
- References
- 232
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Cancer Society
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Bacteriophages and microbial interactions
- Keywords
- viral nanoparticles, virus-like particles, drug delivery, theranostics, immunotherapy, molecular farming, plant viruses, bacteriophages, cancer therapy, vaccines, gene therapy, antimicrobial therapy, cardiovascular disease treatment, imaging, targeting ligands, biodegradable nanomaterials
- MeSH terms
- Theranostic Nanomedicine, Animals, Diagnostic Imaging, Humans, Immunotherapy, Vaccines, Viruses, Drug Delivery Systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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