Diabetic retinopathy and dementia association, beyond diabetes severity
Open accessAbstract
Purpose To investigate whether associations between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain significant after controlling for several measures of diabetes severity.Design Retrospective cohort study.Methods Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) is a prospective cohort study of adults aged ≥65 years, randomly selected and recruited from the membership rolls of Kaiser Permanente Washington, who are dementia free at enrollment and followed biennially until incident dementia. The ACT participants were included in this study if they had type 2 diabetes mellitus at enrollment or developed it during follow-up, and data were collected through September, 2018 (3516 person-years of follow-up). Diabetes was defined by ≥ 2 diabetes medication fills in 1 year. Diagnosis of DR was based on International Classification of Diseases Ninth and Tenth Revision codes. Estimates of microalbuminuria, long-term glycemia, and renal function from longitudinal laboratory records were used as indicators of diabetes severity. Alzheimer's disease and dementia were diagnosed using research criteria at expert consensus meetings.Results A total of 536 participants (median baseline age 75 [interquartile range 71-80], 54% women) met inclusion criteria. Significant associations between DR >5 years duration with dementia (hazard ratio 1.81 [95% CI 1.23, 2.65]) and AD (1.80 [1.15, 2.82]) were not altered by adjustment for estimates of microalbuminuria, long-term glycemia, and renal function (dementia: 1.69 [1.14, 2.50]; AD: 1.73 [1.10, 2.74]).Conclusions Among people with type 2 diabetes, DR itself appears to be an important biomarker of dementia risk in addition to glycemia and renal complications.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In a study of diabetic retinopathy and dementia, the association between retinopathy and dementia remained after adjusting for diabetes severity, as measured by five years of glucose levels control and renal function after >5 years of diabetic retinopathy.
“A study of diabetic retinopathy and dementia found that the association between retinopathy and dementia remained after adjusting for diabetes severity, as measured by five years of glucose levels control and renal function after >5 years of diabetic retinopathy. (258)”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission (2024) · cites this paper as [258]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915 · see citing works
Corder, E. H., Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J., Schmechel, D. E., Gaskell, P. C., Small, G. W., Roses, A. D., Haines, J. L., & Pericak-Vance, M. A. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8346443 · Cited by 9,429 · see citing works
Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and related vision loss
Lee, R. Y., Wong, T. Y., & Sabanayagam, C. (2015) · Eye and Vision · doi:10.1186/s40662-015-0026-2 · Cited by 1,588 · see citing works
Larson, E. B., Wang, L., Bowen, J. D., McCormick, W. C., Teri, L., Crane, P., & Kukull, W. (2006) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00004 · Cited by 1,463 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Central Role of Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiorenal Syndrome
Zhang, J., Bottiglieri, T., & McCullough, P. A. (2016) · Cardiorenal Medicine · doi:10.1159/000452283 · Cited by 1,082 · see citing works
Cheng, G., Huang, C., Deng, H., & Wang, H. (2012) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02758.x · Cited by 1,040 · see citing works
Glucose Levels and Risk of Dementia
Crane, P. K., Walker, R., Hubbard, R. A., Li, G., Nathan, D. M., Zheng, H., Haneuse, S., Craft, S., Montine, T. J., Kahn, S. E., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1215740 · Cited by 929 · see citing works
Self-citationTeng, E. L., Hasegawa, K., Homma, A., Imai, Y., Larson, E. B., Graves, A. B., Sugimoto, K., Yamaguchi, T., Sasaki, H., Chiu, D., et al. (1994) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610294001602 · Cited by 910 · see citing works
Self-citationDementia and Alzheimer Disease Incidence: A Prospective Cohort Study
Kukull, W. A., Higdon, R., Bowen, J. D., McCormick, W. C., Teri, L., Schellenberg, G. D., van Belle, G., Jolley, L., & Larson, E. B. (2002) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.59.11.1737 · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Self-citationDiabetes mellitus and risk of dementia: A meta‐analysis of prospective observational studies
Gudala, K., Bansal, D., Schifano, F., & Bhansali, A. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.12087 · Cited by 727 · see citing works
Blood-Brain Barrier Leakage in Patients with Early Alzheimer Disease
van de Haar, H. J., Burgmans, S., Jansen, J. F. A., van Osch, M. J. P., van Buchem, M. A., Muller, M., Hofman, P. A. M., Verhey, F. R. J., & Backes, W. H. (2016) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2016152244 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Alzheimer's Disease
Erickson, M. A., & Banks, W. A. (2013) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2013.135 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Cunha-Vaz, J., Bernardes, R., & Lobo, C. (2011) · European Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.5301/ejo.2010.6049 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Long-term Glycemic Variability and Risk of Adverse Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Gorst, C., Kwok, C. S., Aslam, S., Buchan, I., Kontopantelis, E., Myint, P. K., Heatlie, G., Loke, Y., Rutter, M. K., & Mamas, M. A. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-1188 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Role of Blood-Brain Barrier in Alzheimer’s Disease
Cai, Z., Qiao, P.-F., Wan, C.-Q., Cai, M., Zhou, N.-K., & Li, Q. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180098 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Chronic Kidney Disease and Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Etgen, T., Chonchol, M., Förstl, H., & Sander, D. (2012) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000338135 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Microvascular Dysfunction and Hyperglycemia: A Vicious Cycle With Widespread Consequences
Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2018) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/dbi17-0044 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
The Blood-Retina Barrier: Tight Junctions and Barrier Modulation
Campbell, M., & Humphries, P. (2013) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4711-5_3 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Identification of early pericyte loss and vascular amyloidosis in Alzheimer’s disease retina
Shi, H., Koronyo, Y., Rentsendorj, A., Regis, G. C., Sheyn, J., Fuchs, D.-T., Kramerov, A. A., Ljubimov, A. V., Dumitrascu, O. M., Rodriguez, A. R., et al. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-020-02134-w · Cited by 230 · see citing works
The Effects of Improved Glycemic Control on Complications in Type 2 Diabetes
Gaster, B., & Hirsch, I. B. (1998) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.158.2.134 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
The Aging Eye: Common Degenerative Mechanisms Between the Alzheimer's Brain and Retinal Disease
Sivak, J. M. (2013) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10827 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Associations between recent and established ophthalmic conditions and risk of Alzheimer's disease
Lee, C. S., Larson, E. B., Gibbons, L. E., Lee, A., McCurry, S. M., Bowen, J. D., McCormick, W. C., & Crane, P. K. (2018) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.2856 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationSimó, R., Ciudin, A., Simó‐Servat, O., & Hernández, C. (2017) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-017-0970-5 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Association between cataract extraction and development of dementia
Lee, C. S., Gibbons, L. E., Lee, A. Y., Yanagihara, R. T., Blazes, M. S., Lee, M. L., McCurry, S. M., Bowen, J. D., McCormick, W. C., Crane, P. K., et al. (2022) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6990 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationDiabetic Retinopathy and Cognitive Decline in Older People With Type 2 Diabetes
Ding, J., Strachan, M. W. J., Reynolds, R. M., Frier, B. M., Deary, I. J., Gerald, F. F. R., Lee, A. J., McKnight, J., Halpin, P., Swa, K., et al. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0752 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationAlber, J., Goldfarb, D., Thompson, L. I., Arthur, E., Hernandez, K., Cheng, D., DeBuc, D. C., Cordeiro, F., Provetti‐Cunha, L., den Haan, J., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12006 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Renal Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Nephropathy
Cheng, H., & Harris, R. C. (2014) · Cardiovascular & Haematological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871529x14666140401110841 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Little, K., Llorián‐Salvador, M., Scullion, S., Hernández, C., Simó‐Servat, O., del Marco, À., Bosma, E. K., Vargas-Soria, M., Carranza-Naval, M. J., Bergen, T. V., et al. (2021) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2021.10.008 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Severe Diabetic Retinal Disease and Dementia Risk in Type 2 Diabetes
Exalto, L. G., Biessels, G. J., Karter, A. J., Huang, E. S., Quesenberry, C. P., & Whitmer, R. A. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-132570 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Umemura, T., Kawamura, T., & Hotta, N. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.12545 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Albuminuria and Dementia in the Elderly: A Community Study
Barzilay, J. I., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Luchsinger, J. A., Yaşar, S., Bernick, C. B., Jenny, N. S., & Kuller, L. H. (2008) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.044 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Diabetic retinopathy may predict the renal outcomes of patients with diabetic nephropathy
Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Li, L., Zhang, R., Guo, R., Li, H., Han, Q., Teng, G., & Liu, F. (2018) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2018.1456453 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Role of Insulin Resistance in the Alzheimer's Disease Progression
Nguyen, T. T., Ta, Q. T. H., Nguyen, T. T. D., Le, T. T. H., & Giau, V. V. (2020) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-020-03031-0 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Muir, K. W., Gupta, C. K., Gill, P., & Stein, J. D. (2013) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.577 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Bello‐Chavolla, O. Y., Antonio‐Villa, N. E., Vargas‐Vázquez, A., Ávila‐Funes, J. A., & Aguilar-Salinas, C. A. (2019) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573399815666190129155654 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Blood-Brain Barrier Leakage in Patients with Early Alzheimer Disease
van de Haar, H. J., Burgmans, S., Jansen, J. F. A., van Osch, M. J. P., van Buchem, M. A., Muller, M., Hofman, P. A. M., Verhey, F. R. J., & Backes, W. H. (2017) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2017164043 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Crane, P. K., Trittschuh, E. H., Mukherjee, S., Saykin, A. J., Sanders, R. E., Larson, E. B., McCurry, S. M., McCormick, W. C., Bowen, J. D., Grabowski, T. J., et al. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2017.04.011 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationScheppach, J. B., Coresh, J., Wu, A., Gottesman, R. F., Mosley, T. H., Knopman, D. S., Grams, M. E., Sharrett, A. R., & Koton, S. (2020) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.03.015 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Accuracy of Billing Codes Used in the Therapeutic Care of Diabetic Retinopathy
Lau, M. K., Prenner, J. L., Brucker, A. J., & VanderBeek, B. L. (2017) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.1595 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Importance of home study visit capacity in dementia studies
Crane, P. K., Gibbons, L. E., McCurry, S. M., McCormick, W. C., Bowen, J. D., Sonnen, J. A., Keene, C. D., Grabowski, T. J., Montine, T. J., & Larson, E. B. (2015) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.10.007 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationDemographic and Clinical Characteristics Associated with Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery Use
Olivier, M. M. G., Smith, O. U., Croteau-Chonka, C. C., VanderBeek, B. L., Maguire, M. G., Lum, F., Fujino, D., Kelly, S. P., Rich, W. L., & Miller-Ellis, E. G. (2021) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.02.012 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Pedersen, F. N., Stokholm, L., Pouwer, F., Rubin, K. H., Pető, T., Frydkjær-Olsen, U., Thykjær, A. S., Andersen, N., Andresen, J., Bek, T., et al. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215313 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Chai, Y.-H., Zhang, Y., Qiao, Y.-S., Gong, H., Xu, H., She, H., Patel, I., Liu, W., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Zhou, J., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2022.01.011 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lee, C. S., Study, F. T. A. C. I. T. (., Larson, E. B., Gibbons, L. E., Latimer, C. S., Rose, S. E., Hellstern, L. L., Keene, C. D., & Crane, P. K. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-181087 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding the Brain through Aging Eyes
Blazes, M. S., & Lee, C. S. (2021) · Advances in Geriatric Medicine and Research · doi:10.20900/agmr20210008 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationO’Hare, A. M., Walker, R. L., Haneuse, S., Crane, P. K., & Larson, E. B. (2011) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.865 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [18]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Menta Disorders (4th Ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 1994.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Liu, K. Y., Costafreda, S. G., Selbæk, G., Alladi, S., Ames, D., Banerjee, S., Burns, A., Brayne, C., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01296-0 · Cited by 3,860 · see citing works
Self-citationPalacios, A. G., Zhang, S. X., & Acosta, M. L. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70497 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kaufmann, G. T., Hyman, M. J., Gonnah, R., Hariprasad, S. M., & Skondra, D. (2023) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.64.11.22 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yen, Y., Yen, F., Ko, F., Wei, J. C., Huang, Y., Yu, T., Hwu, C., & Hsu, C. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15908 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Chai, Y.-H., Han, Y., Zhang, J., & Zhou, J. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-231022 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ouyang, F., Yuan, P., Ju, Y., Chen, W., Peng, Z., & Xu, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1340608 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Symptomatic Treatment of Neuro-ophthalmic Visual Disturbances
Kedar, S. (2025) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000001562 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease are upregulated in patients with diabetic retinopathy
Subramanian, M. L., Sampani, K., Ness, S. D., Tuz‐Zahra, F., Alluri, S., Chen, X., Siegel, N. H., Aytan, N., Xia, W., Tripodis, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251378759 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lee, S. H., Hwang, G., Lee, D. Y., Jeon, J. Y., Kwag, S.-J., Sohn, S. Y., Park, S. J., Choi, D., Rhee, S. Y., & Park, R. W. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112378 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gatto, N. M., Renz, A. D., Tom, S. E., Lyons, M., Macuiba, J., Dodd, T. S., Lind, B. K., Gray, S. L., Meyers, K., Larson, E. B., et al. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14111075 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationLuo, S., Xia, L., Wang, Y., Tang, Y., Dong, J., Liu, R., & Feng, L. (2025) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.14.3.10 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Song, Y., Zhou, Z., Ji, W., Wang, N., He, L., Zhang, J., Chen, X., Xia, J., & Tian, W. (2025) · BMC Medical Imaging · doi:10.1186/s12880-025-01979-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The influence of diabetic retinopathy on the risk of dementia: A nationwide cohort study
Lee, C., Hwang, S., Kim, M., Bae, Y., Chung, T., Jang, H., & Lim, D. H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-21868-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationHe, Y., Zhu, Y., Yang, L., Wang, Y., Tan, C., Ma, F., & Xia, Y. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/jdr/1328324 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ferguson, E. L., Thoma, M., Buto, P. T., Wang, J., Glymour, M. M., Hoffmann, T. J., Choquet, H., Andrews, S. J., Yaffe, K. S., Casaletto, K. B., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.01.05.24300912
Fattouch, S. B. A., Faria, A. C. R. D. A., Santos, A. L., & Borges, M. C. (2024) · Revista Foco · doi:10.54751/revistafoco.v17n10-164
Yu, H., He, J., Kim, B. B., & Ying, G. (2025) · AJO International · doi:10.1016/j.ajoint.2025.100190
Hreha, K. P., Ashner, M. C., Peskoe, S. B., Downer, B. G., Reistetter, T., Palta, P., Wruck, L. M., Gottesman, R. F., Windham, B. G., & Whitson, H. E. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251404018
Teixeira, L. M., Barbosa, M. G., de Faria, F. M., Ramos, A. A., Suemoto, C. K., Pinho, P. J. D. M. R., Costa, M. F. L., & Ferri, C. P. (2025) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2606363 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Construction of a classification model for dementia among Brazilian adults aged 50 and over
Menezes, F., Barretto, M. C. F. G., Garcia, E. Q. C., Ferreira, T. A. E., & Alves, J. G. B. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1789012 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kim, M. J., & Kim, B. (2026) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/10998004261444978
Diabetic retinopathy and dementia risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Kung, W., Yeh, H. C., Fann, L.-Y., Chao, C.-C., Islam, M. M., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2026.113194
Hu, H., Wang, Y., Xu, Y., & Chen, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1716648
Comorbidity in Alzheimer’s disease
Ajagbe͓, A. O., Mobolaji, A. A., Fakorede, S., Oyeleye, B. S., Ajenikoko, M. K., & Abijo, A. Z. (2026) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2026.08.021
Rethinking diabetic retinopathy: Homeostatic mechanisms for retinal clearance
Little, K., Lechner, J., Rossi, G. D., Cullen, T., Perais, J. A., Beli, E., Lois, N., & Stitt, A. W. (2026) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.70485
- Authors
- Lee, C. S., Krakauer, C., Su, Y.-R., Walker, R. L., Blazes, M., McCurry, S. M., Bowen, J. D., McCormick, W. C., Lee, A. Y., Boyko, E. J., O'Hare, A. M., Larson, E. B., & Crane, P. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (US)
- Swedish Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Cecilia S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-05
- Volume
- 249
- Pages
- 90-98
- ISSN
- 0002-9394 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10106379
- OpenAlex
- W4311256030
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 2.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 291 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- American Journal of Ophthalmology (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Research to Prevent Blindness (R01AG060942, K23EY029246)
- Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation
- Nvidia
- Health Services Research and Development
- Carl Zeiss Meditec AG (K23EY029246)
- Santen (K23EY029246)
- National Institutes of Health (DP5OD029610, OT2OD032644)
- Genentech (K23EY029246)
- National Institute on Aging (U01AG006781, U19AG066567, R01AG060942)
- National Eye Institute (K23EY029246)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- diabetic retinopathy, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, diabetes severity, microalbuminuria, glycemia, renal function, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alzheimer Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Retinopathy, Female, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
