Cited by 139Orthodontics and Dentofacial OrthopedicsDental materials and restorationsDental Trauma and Treatments

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Materials-induced variation in the torque expression of preadjusted appliances

Gioka, Christiana, Eliades, Theodore·2004·American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

DOI 10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.02.007

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Abstract

The purpose of this article is to comprehensively investigate the sources of variation in the expression of torque in preadjusted appliances. Variables related to properties of materials were systematically analyzed, including (1) the inability to fill the slot because of the size difference of archwires and bracket slot, (2) irregularities from the manufacturing process of brackets precluding proper engagement, (3) differences in the stiffness of wire alloys engaged to the bracket slot, (4) variations between actual and reported bracket torque values, and (5) ligation modes, all of which might account for increased third-order clearance or bracket-archwire "play." The effect of these variations on the expression of torque is discussed, and the net buccolingual inclinations are provided as a function of wire size and composition for common bracket slot-archwire combinations. Most reports published on this issue indicate a loss of torque control as high as 100% of the prescribed value. Furthermore, the fallacy of transferring the ideal crown inclination to the torque prescribed in the bracket is illustrated, along with the underestimation of the prescribed torque relative to the proper tooth crown. The realistically required torque is analyzed to its constituent components, involving tooth inclination, compensation for the slot-wire play, and incomplete ligation with elastomeric ligatures. Based on the evidence available, it is proposed that a high-torque prescription should be selected to account for the lack of full expression of the prescribed torque that occurs clinically.

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Authors: Gioka, C., & Eliades, T.
Affiliations: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
Marquette University (US)
Corresponding author: Eliades, Theodore
ORCID: Eliades, Theodore
Venue: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-03
Volume: 125
Issue: 3
Pages: 323-328
ISSN: 0889-5406 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.02.007
OpenAlex: W2067027210
Cited by: 139
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 4.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Dentistry › Orthodontics › Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental materials and restorations
Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Trauma and Treatments
Keywords: bracket torque, elastomeric ligatures, orthodontic archwires
MeSH terms: Dental Alloys, Dental Materials, Elasticity, Humans, Orthodontic Appliances, Orthodontic Wires, Surface Properties, Tooth Movement Techniques, Orthodontic Appliance Design, Orthodontic Brackets, Tooth Crown, Torque, Elastomers

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Materials-induced variation in the torque expression of preadjusted appliances

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