Structural conformation of in vitro and in vivo aged orthodontic elastomeric modules
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the structural characteristics of open and closed elastomeric modules in the as-received condition, and following (a) 24-hour in vitro loading determined as a 50 per cent extension relative to their original length; (b) 24-hour intra-oral exposure; (c) 3-week intra-oral exposure. Ten specimens of each type (open and closed) of the three brands of elastic chains were included in the study (total of 60). All specimens were subjected to (a) optical transmission microscopy utilizing phase contrast and polarized light modes, (b) micro MIR FT-IR spectroscopy, and (c) scanning electron microscopy and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Stretched elastomers demonstrated a honeycomb pattern of filament detachment corresponding to strained areas. The chains possessing a well-differentiated inter-modular link presented higher strain concentration gradients located in the link. Phase contrast imaging revealed that the stress adsorption mechanism of these materials involved macromolecular chain orientation and elongation co-axially to the applied load. The specimens retrieved after 24 hours had acquired a proteinaceous film rich in alcohol groups with minimal evidence of phosphate mineralization, while the 3-week retrieved specimens presented precipitation of Ca- and P-forming calcium phosphates. The high protein content of the biofilm organized on the surface of these materials, as well as the calcification pattern found, were similar to a non-specific mechanism of film adsorption of biomaterials exposed to body fluids. The results have clinical implications for aspects of retraction control through sliding mechanics with the use of elastomeric ligatures, and the potential detrimental effects on dental and periodontal tissues such as decalcification and gingival inflammation, respectively. In addition, the experimental protocols adopted for the in vitro study of the force decay of elastomerics should be modified to include parameters pertinent to adsorption phenomena and calcification processes documented to occur in vivo.
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During intraoral use, elastomeric ligatures show considerable adsorption and progressive formation of a proteinaceous biofilm that undergoes partial calcification.
“During intraoral use, elastomeric ligatures show considerable adsorption and the progressive formation of a proteinaceous biofilm that undergoes partial calcification [15].”
From Influence of elastomeric and steel ligatures on periodontal health during fixed appliance orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
The increased microbial colonization of elastomeric ligation modules compared to steel ligatures has traditionally been based on either anecdotal data, data from in vitro studies, or in vivo retrieval studies.
“The increased microbial colonization of elastomeric ligation modules compared to steel ligatures has traditionally been based on either anecdotal data [], data from in vitro studies [39–41] or in vivo retrieval studies [15, 42].”
From Influence of elastomeric and steel ligatures on periodontal health during fixed appliance orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
Both elastomeric modules and elastic chains present considerable degradation that is accentuated by intraoral ageing, which is another reason why they are usually replaced at each appointment.
“Both elastomeric modules and elastic chains present considerable degradation that is accentuated by intraoral ageing [15, 51, 52], which is another reason why they are usually replaced at each appointment.”
From Influence of elastomeric and steel ligatures on periodontal health during fixed appliance orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
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Étude systématique de la dégradation de la force libérée par la chaînette élastomérique
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- Authors
- Eliades, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Eliades, T
- ORCID
- Eliades, T
- Venue
- The European Journal of Orthodontics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1999-12-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 649-658
- ISSN
- 0141-5387 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2210
- OpenAlex
- W2112345601
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Orthodontics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Orthodontics › Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Orthodontics › Dental materials and restorations
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- orthodontic elastomeric chains, elastomeric ligatures, conformation, in vitro aging, in vivo aging, protein adsorption, biofilm, calcium phosphate precipitation, decalcification, force decay, gingivitis, periodontal tissue destruction
- MeSH terms
- Electron Probe Microanalysis, Humans, Materials Testing, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Orthodontic Appliances, Surface Properties, Time Factors, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Biofilms, Elastomers, In Vitro Techniques
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