Cited by 435Smoking Behavior and CessationGlobal Public Health Policies and EpidemiologyBehavioral Health and Interventions

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Text and Graphic Warnings on Cigarette Packages

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Hammond, David, Fong, Geoffrey T., Borland, Ron, Cummings, K. Michael, McNeill, Ann, Driezen, Pete·2007·American Journal of Preventive Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.11.011PMC PMC1868456

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Abstract

Background Health warnings on cigarette packages provide smokers with universal access to information on the risks of smoking. However, warnings vary considerably among countries, ranging from graphic depictions of disease on Canadian packages to obscure text warnings in the United States. The current study examined the effectiveness of health warnings on cigarette packages in four countries.Methods Quasi-experimental design. Telephone surveys were conducted with representative cohorts of adult smokers (n=14,975): Canada (n=3687), United States (n=4273), UK (n=3634), and Australia (n=3381). Surveys were conducted between 2002 and 2005, before and at three time points following implementation of new package warnings in the UK.Results At Wave 1, Canadian smokers reported the highest levels of awareness and impact for health warnings among the four countries, followed by Australian smokers. Following the implementation of new UK warnings at Wave 2, UK smokers reported greater levels of awareness and impact, although Canadian smokers continued to report higher levels of impact after adjusting for the implementation date. U.S. smokers reported the lowest levels of effectiveness for almost every measure recorded at each survey wave.Conclusions Large, comprehensive warnings on cigarette packages are more likely to be noticed and rated as effective by smokers. Changes in health warnings are also associated with increased effectiveness. Health warnings on U.S. packages, which were last updated in 1984, were associated with the least effectiveness.

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Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.015
Pleasure, Displeasure, and Affective Valence
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.010
Psychological Hedonism and Its Problems
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.008
Health Behavior Interventions
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.027
Reward, Incentive Salience, and Hedonic Motivation
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.013
Reformulating Psychological Hedonism
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.009
Understanding the Causes of Behavior
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.004
Sources of Hedonic Response
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.012
How to Tackle Smoking at the Population Level
Torre, G. L., Thiene, D. D., & Mannocci, A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7046-5_8
The Phylogenetic Development of Psychological Hedonism
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.021
Darwinian Hedonism
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.018
From Hedonic Motivation to Unhealthy Behavior
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.016
Motivational Mismatch
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.022
Darwinian Hedonism and Political Will
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.029
Darwinian Hedonism and Hedonic Desire for Calorie-Dense Foods
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.024
Preface
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.001

Authors: Hammond, D., Fong, G. T., Borland, R., Cummings, K. M., McNeill, A., & Driezen, P.
Affiliations: University of Waterloo (CA)
Cancer Council Victoria (AU)
Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (US)
University of Nottingham (GB)
Corresponding author: Hammond, David
ORCID: Hammond, David
Fong, Geoffrey T.
Borland, Ron
Cummings, K. Michael
McNeill, Ann
Driezen, Pete
Venue: American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-03
Volume: 32
Issue: 3
Pages: 202-209
ISSN: 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.11.011
PMC: PMC1868456
OpenAlex: W2152630311
Cited by: 434
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 16.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (P50CA111236, R01CA100362)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Keywords: graphic health warnings, warning effectiveness, cross-national comparison, tobacco control, United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia
MeSH terms: Smoking Prevention, Adult, Australia, Canada, Consumer Product Safety, Female, United Kingdom, Health Promotion, Humans, International Cooperation, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Product Labeling, Smoking, United States

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