The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Weight Status and Restaurant Availability
Open accessAbstract
Background Empiric studies find that contextual factors affect individual weight status over and above individual socioeconomic characteristics. Given increasing levels of obesity, researchers are examining how the food environment contributes to unhealthy weight status. An important change to this environment is the increasing availability of away-from-home eating establishments such as restaurants.Methods This study analyzed the relationship between the restaurant environment and weight status across counties in the United States. Individual data from the 2002-2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (N=714,054) were linked with restaurant data from the 2002 U.S. Economic Census. Fast-food and full-service restaurant density, along with restaurant mix (the ratio of fast-food to full-service restaurants), were assessed.Results Fast-food restaurant density and a higher ratio of fast-food to full-service restaurants were associated with higher individual-level weight status (BMI and the risk of being obese). In contrast, a higher density of full-service restaurants was associated with lower weight status.Conclusions Area-level restaurant mix emerged as an important correlate of weight status, with components of the restaurant environment exhibiting differential associations. Hence, it is the availability of fast-food relative to other away-from-home choices that appears salient for unhealthy weight outcomes. Areas with a high density of full-service restaurants were indicative of a more healthful eating environment, suggesting a need for research into the comparative healthfulness of foods served at different types of restaurants. Future prospective studies are required to delineate causal pathways.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In 2 separate cross-sectional analyses using 2006–2007 BRFSS data, a higher per capita density of full-service restaurants was associated with a lower BMI and lower prevalence of obesity298,306 and diabetes.298”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [306]
In the citing paper
“Exceptions include analyses using the BRFSS, in which higher per capita density of fast-food restaurants was associated with higher BMI and prevalence of obesity306 or diabetes298 in adults.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [306]
Citations
Cites
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 1999-2004
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., & Flegal, K. M. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.13.1549 · Cited by 8,720
Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000
Flegal, K. M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1723 · Cited by 6,190
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States
Crespo, C. J., & Smit, E. (2003) · Human Kinetics eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781718206601.ch-001 · Cited by 4,382
Obesity and the Environment: Where Do We Go from Here?
Hill, J. O., Wyatt, H. R., Reed, G. W., & Peters, J. C. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1079857 · Cited by 2,180
Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places
Morland, K. B., Wing, S., Roux, A. V. D., & Poole, C. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00403-2 · Cited by 1,662
Environmental Influences on Eating and Physical Activity
French, S. A., Story, M. T., & Jeffery, R. W. (2001) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.22.1.309 · Cited by 1,469
Pereira, M. A., Kartashov, A. I., Ebbeling, C. B., Van Horn, L., Slattery, M. L., Jacobs, D. R., & Ludwig, D. S. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17663-0 · Cited by 1,348
An economic analysis of adult obesity: results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Chou, S., Grossman, M. B., & Saffer, H. (2004) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2003.10.003 · Cited by 1,054
Zenk, S. N., Schulz, A. J., Israel, B. A., James, S. A., Bao, S., & Wilson, M. L. (2005) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.042150 · Cited by 1,009
An “ecological” approach to the obesity pandemic
Egger, G. J., & Swinburn, B. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7106.477 · Cited by 864
Food environments and obesity—neighbourhood or nation?
Cummins, S., & MacIntyre, S. (2005) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyi276 · Cited by 720
Context, composition and heterogeneity: using multilevel models in health research
Duncan, C., Jones, K., & Moon, G. (1998) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00148-2 · Cited by 689
SOCIOECONOMIC POSITION AND HEALTH: The Independent Contribution of Community Socioeconomic Context
Robert, S. (1999) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.489 · Cited by 665
Fast Food Consumption of U.S. Adults: Impact on Energy and Nutrient Intakes and Overweight Status
Bowman, S., & Vinyard, B. T. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719357 · Cited by 662
Do the Poor Pay More for Food? An Analysis of Grocery Store Availability and Food Price Disparities
Chung, C., & Myers, S. L. (1999) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.1999.tb00071.x · Cited by 560
French, S. A., Harnack, L., & Jeffery, R. W. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801429 · Cited by 554
Are fast food restaurants an environmental risk factor for obesity?
Jeffery, R. W., Baxter, J., McGuire, M., & Linde, J. A. (2006) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-2 · Cited by 528
The reliability and validity of self-reported weight and height
Stewart, A. L. (1982) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(82)90085-6 · Cited by 483
An ecological study of the relationship between social and environmental determinants of obesity
Reidpath, D. D., Burns, C., Garrard, J., Mahoney, M. E., & Townsend, M. (2002) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/s1353-8292(01)00028-4 · Cited by 483
Eating out in America, 1987–2000: trends and nutritional correlates
Kant, A. K., & Graubard, B. I. (2003) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.10.004 · Cited by 419
Urban Sprawl and Risk for Being Overweight or Obese
Lopez, R. P. (2004) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.94.9.1574 · Cited by 406
Burdette, H. L. (2003) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.09.029 · Cited by 395
Body mass index in elementary school children, metropolitan area food prices and food outlet density
Sturm, R., & Datar, A. (2005) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2005.05.007 · Cited by 380
Collective efficacy and obesity: The potential influence of social factors on health
Cohen, D. A., Finch, B. K., Bower, A., & Sastry, N. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.033 · Cited by 380
Ezzati, M., Martin, H. B., Skjold, S., Hoorn, S. V., & Murray, C. J. L. (2006) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107680609900517 · Cited by 378
A multilevel analysis of race, community disadvantage, and body mass index among adults in the US
Robert, S., & Reither, E. N. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.03.034 · Cited by 365
The Relation Between Dietary Change and Rising U.S. Obesity
Obesity, R. U. S., Binkley, J. K., & Binkley, J. K. (1997) · Cited by 317
The Relationship between Obesity and the Prevalence of Fast Food Restaurants: State-Level Analysis
Maddock, J. E. (2004) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-19.2.137 · Cited by 315
McDonald’s Restaurants and Neighborhood Deprivation in Scotland and England
CUMMINS, S., MCKAY, L., & MACINTYRE, S. (2005) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.011 · Cited by 255
the REACH Coalition of the African American Building a Legacy of Health Project, Sloane, D. C., Diamant, A. L., Lewis, L. B., Yancey, A. K., Flynn, G., Nascimento, L. M., McCarthy, W. J., Guinyard, J. J., & Cousineau, M. R. (2003) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.21022.x · Cited by 245
Perceptions of the environment, physical activity, and obesity
Poortinga, W. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.07.018 · Cited by 226
Race Differentials in Obesity: The Impact of Place
Boardman, J. D., Onge, J. M. S., Rogers, R. G., & Denney, J. T. (2005) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650504600302 · Cited by 184
Racial residential segregation and weight status among US adults
Chang, V. W. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.049 · Cited by 180
Self-citationEzzati, M., Martin, H., Skjold, S., Hoorn, S. V., & Murray, C. J. L. (2006) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.99.5.250 · Cited by 170
Yun, S., Zhu, B.-P., Black, W., & Brownson, R. C. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803125 · Cited by 164
Bias in reported body weight as a function of education, occupation, health and weight concern
Jeffery, R. W. (1996) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(95)00050-x · Cited by 161
Away-From-Home Foods Increasingly Important to Quality of American Diet
Lin, B., Frazão, E., & Guthrie, J. F. (1999) · AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA) · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.33733 · Cited by 149
Simmons, D. S., McKenzie, A., Eaton, S., Cox, N. R., Khan, M. A., Shaw, J. E., & Zimmet, P. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802941 · Cited by 126
Geographic Variation in the Prevalence of Obesity, Diabetes, and Obesity‐Related Behaviors**
Ford, E. S., Mokdad, A. H., Giles, W. H., Galuska, D. A., & Serdula, M. K. (2005) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2005.15 · Cited by 125
Validation study of self-reported measures of fat distribution.
Tw, W., Kushi, L. H., McGovern, P., Potter, J. D., Rich, S. S., King, R. A., Whitbeck, J., Greenstein, J., & Ta, S. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 98
Let's Eat Out: Americans Weigh Taste, Convenience, and NutritionPreprint
Stewart, H., Blisard, N., & Jolliffe, D. (2006) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.59411 · Cited by 83
Income inequality and weight status in US metropolitan areas
Chang, V. W., & Christakis, N. A. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.036 · Cited by 77
Self-citation(2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)71138-7 · Cited by 46
The Garden of Eden: Acknowledging the Impact of Race and Class in Efforts to Decrease Obesity Rates
Baker, E. A., Kelly, C. M., Barnidge, E. K., Strayhorn, J., Schootman, M., Struthers, J., & Griffith, D. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.049502 · Cited by 38
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Larson, N. I., Story, M. T., & Nelson, M. C. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.025 · Cited by 2,003
The built environment and obesity: A systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence
Feng, J., Glass, T. A., Curriero, F. C., Stewart, W. F., & Schwartz, B. S. (2010) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.09.008 · Cited by 806
Mozaffarian, D., Afshin, A., Benowitz, N. L., Bittner, V., Daniels, S. R., Franch, H. A., Jacobs, D. R., Kraus, W. E., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Krummel, D. A., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318260a20b · Cited by 601
A Review of Environmental Influences on Food Choices
Larson, N., & Story, M. T. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9120-9 · Cited by 602
Giskes, K., van Lenthe, F. J., Avendano‐Pabon, M., & Brug, J. (2010) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00769.x · Cited by 479
Metadata
- Authors
- Mehta, N. K., & Chang, V. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 127-133
- ISSN
- 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2440344
- OpenAlex
- W1488287108
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 24.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (T32AG000177)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD043459)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Keywords
- weight status, obesity, food environment, fast food restaurants, full-service restaurants, restaurant density, body mass index
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Feeding Behavior, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Restaurants, United States, Weight Gain, Censuses, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
