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Adherence to healthy lifestyle habits in US adults, 1988–2006
Abstract
Background Lifestyle choices are associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality. The purpose of this study was to compare adherence to healthy lifestyle habits in adults between 1988 and 2006.Methods Analysis of adherence to 5 healthy lifestyle trends (>or=5 fruits and vegetables/day, regular exercise >12 times/month, maintaining healthy weight [body mass index 18.5-29.9 kg/m(2)], moderate alcohol consumption [up to 1 drink/day for women, 2/day for men] and not smoking) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-1994 were compared with results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2006 among adults aged 40-74 years.Results Over the last 18 years, the percent of adults aged 40-74 years with a body mass index >or=30 kg/m(2) has increased from 28% to 36% (P <.05); physical activity 12 times a month or more has decreased from 53% to 43% (P <.05); smoking rates have not changed (26.9% to 26.1%); eating 5 or more fruits and vegetables a day has decreased from 42% to 26% (P <.05), and moderate alcohol use has increased from 40% to 51% (P <.05). Adherence to all 5 healthy habits has gone from 15% to 8% (P <.05). Although adherence to a healthy lifestyle was lower among minorities, adherence decreased more among non-Hispanic Whites over the period. Individuals with a history of hypertension/diabetes/cardiovascular disease were no more likely to be adherent to a healthy lifestyle than people without these conditions.Conclusions Generally, adherence to a healthy lifestyle pattern has decreased during the last 18 years, with decreases documented in 3 of 5 healthy lifestyle habits. These findings have broad implications for the future risk of cardiovascular disease in adults.
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“Similar results have been observed for hypertension, elevated triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol.59”
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In the citing paper
“and $394 for an outpatient visit.59”
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“The cost of hypoglycemia, according to data from 536 581 individuals with type 2 DM from the 2004–2008 MarketScan database, was $52 223 675,”
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“This resulted in a mean cost of $17 564 for an inpatient admission,”
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“$1387 for an ED visit,”
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“which accounted for 1.0% of inpatient costs,”
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“Adherence to a healthy lifestyle includes stress management; however, fewer than 10% of adults in the United States follow this pattern, including women [46].”
From Engaging women with an embodied conversational agent to deliver mindfulness and lifestyle recommendations: A feasibility randomized control trial (2017) · cites this paper as [46]
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“Studies have shown the causality relationships between dietary patterns and lifestyle habits versus chronic illnesses (Jacques & Tucker, 2001;King, Mainous, Carnemolla, & Everett, 2009;WHO, 2003).”
From Emerging trends in European food, diets and food industry (2018) · cites this paper as King et al., 2009
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BackgroundInfluentialThe Association between Dystemperament and Prevention of Diseases: A Systematic Review
kiani, S. (2016) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2016/19023.8511 · Cited by 15
Vluggen, S., Hoving, C., Schaper, N. C., & de Vries, H. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2018.10.002 · Cited by 15
Adherencia a un estilo de vida saludable en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en España
Unanua, M. P. P., Fernández, M. A., Simarro, F. L., Llora, T. S., Martínez, I. P., & Romero, J. M. (2020) · Medicina de Familia SEMERGEN · doi:10.1016/j.semerg.2020.08.009 · Cited by 22
Fenta, E. T., Ayal, B. G., Kidie, A. A., Anagaw, T. F., Mekonnen, T., Bogale, E. K., Berihun, S., Tsega, T. D., Munie, C. M., Fenta, T. T., et al. (2024) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s452196 · Cited by 21
Lombardi, G., Ferraro, P. M., Tomi, E. D., Bargagli, M., Spasiano, A., & Gambaro, G. (2024) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfae087 · Cited by 14
Parekh, N., Lin, Y., Craft, L. L., Vadiveloo, M. K., & Lu‐Yao, G. L. (2012) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2012/518358 · Cited by 14
Hollis, J., Williams, L. T., Young, M. D., Pollard, K. T., Collins, C. E., & Morgan, P. J. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.020 · Cited by 14
“[1-7] Not surprisingly, the worldwide weight 65 gain trend correlates with decreasing levels of adherence to population diet and physical 66 activity recommendations.[8, 9] Behavioural treatments that incorporate diet and physical 67 activity lifestyle changes are recommended for weight control interventions.”
Failing to pay heed to health warnings in a food-associated environment
Verhoeven, A. A. C., Watson, P., & de Wit, S. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.10.020 · Cited by 13
Epigenetics and Colorectal Neoplasia: the Evidence for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior
Hibler, E. A. (2015) · Current Colorectal Cancer Reports · doi:10.1007/s11888-015-0296-z · Cited by 14
Understanding Multiple Behavioral Risk Factors for Cancer in Rural Women
Noonan, D., Dardas, L. A., Bice‐Wigington, T., Sloane, R. J., Benjamin, R., Choi, S. H., & Simmons, L. A. (2016) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12282 · Cited by 14
Kim, O., & Jeon, H. O. (2011) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1442-2018.2011.00639.x · Cited by 14
Comorbidity and Health Habits of Seoul City Elders with Dementia
Lee, Y. K., Sung, M. R., & Lee, D. Y. (2011) · Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing · doi:10.4040/jkan.2011.41.3.411 · Cited by 13
Cao, W., Hou, G., Guo, C., Guo, Y., & Zheng, J. (2018) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/s41371-018-0073-y · Cited by 13
Pathak, D., Bharathi, S. V., & Padma Mala, E. (2021) · International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals · doi:10.4018/ijhcitp.2021070101 · Cited by 13
Ochieng, B. M. N. (2011) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2011.610438 · Cited by 13
Sex Differences, Age, Arthritis, and Chronic Disease: Influence on Physical Activity Behaviors
Kaptein, S. A., & Badley, E. M. (2012) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.9.4.540 · Cited by 15
Intake of Lutein-Rich Vegetables Is Associated with Higher Levels of Physical Activity
Crichton, G. E., Elias, M. F., Alkerwi, A., & Buckley, J. D. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7095378 · Cited by 12
“Increases in physical inactivity and obesity, and decreases in fruit and vegetable consumption have been observed in the United States between 1998 and 2010 [15].”
BackgroundElderly Awareness on Healthy Lifestyle during Aging
Paknia, M. M. B. (2013) · Tropical Medicine & Surgery · doi:10.4172/2329-9088.1000139 · Cited by 12
“Recent research has provided fresh evidence that a healthy lifestyle in elderly individuals [11-13] that combines principles of healthy nutrition [14], sleep hygiene [11], regular physical activity [15], nonsmoking [16], regular periodic examination [17], having mental health [18], elderly person's participation in so…”
BackgroundAssessment of health promoting lifestyle behaviours of adults living in the semi-rural area
Aygar, H. (2018) · Northern Clinics of Istanbul · doi:10.14744/nci.2017.19327 · Cited by 12
“Healthy lifestyle behaviors are important indicators of public health and the main determinants of future health trends and health-care costs [12].”
BackgroundNoble, P. C., Dwyer, M. K., & Brekke, A. C. (2013) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3118-0 · Cited by 11
The Importance of Healthy Living and Defining Lifestyle Medicine
Kushner, R. F., & Mechanick, J. I. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24687-1_2 · Cited by 12
“9 kg/ m2, moderate alcohol consumption, and not smoking) decreased from 15 to 8 % [39].”
BackgroundShen, A. (2018) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-018-0736-6 · Cited by 11
“Even people who newly adopt a healthy lifestyle in middle age will experience prompt health benefits (King et al. 2007, 2009).”
BackgroundBig Tobacco, Big Food, Big Alcohol “Lifestyle Diseases”
Damle, S. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Dentistry · doi:10.4103/ccd.ccd_580_18 · Cited by 11
McCabe, E. M., Luk, J. W., Stangl, B. L., Schwandt, M. L., Ziausyte, U., Kim, H. H., Vergeer, R. R., Gunawan, T., Fede, S. J., Momenan, R., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297060 · Cited by 10
Schwarzinger, S., Brenner-Fließer, M., Seebauer, S., Carrus, G., Gregorio, E. D., Klöckner, C. A., & Pihkola, H. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32697 · Cited by 13
“This approach has long been used in health-related work [21,44 – 46] and could be hardly found in sustainability related research.”
BackgroundMethodMeta-analysis of operative mortality and complications in patients from minority ethnic groups
Bloo, G., Hesselink, G., Oron, A., Emond, Y., Damen, J., Dekkers, W. J. M., Westert, G. P., Wolff, A. P., Calsbeek, H., & Wollersheim, H. C. H. (2014) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.9609 · Cited by 10
Determining Intensity Levels of Selected Wii Fit Activities in College Aged Individuals
Grieser, J. D., Gao, Y., Ransdell, L. B., & Simonson, S. R. (2012) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1080/1091367x.2012.665268 · Cited by 12
“Despite the well-documented health benefits of physical activity (PA), many Americans are still living sedentary or less active lifestyles ( Bennett, Wolin, Puleo, Masse, & Atienza, 2009 ; Hawkins et al, 2009 ; King, Mainous, Carnemolla, & Everett, 2009 ).”
BackgroundEffect of Lifestyle, Aging, and Phytochemicals on the Onset of Neurological Disorders
Farooqui, A. A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3804-5_1 · Cited by 11
Using behavioral skills training to teach goal setting for health behaviors
Beaulieu, M., Normand, M. P., & Miltenberger, R. G. (2024) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.2041 · Cited by 12
Noel, C. A., LaMonte, M. J., Roberts, M. B., Pearlman, D., Banack, H. R., Allison, M., Shadyab, A. H., Haring, B., Laddu, D., Martin, L. W., et al. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106155 · Cited by 10
Hunt, C., Letzen, J. E., Krimmel, S. R., Burrowes, S. A. B., Haythornthwaite, J. A., Keaser, M. L., Reid, M. J., Finan, P. H., & Seminowicz, D. A. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02105-8 · Cited by 10
“Meditation practice in mindfulness-based treatment Health behaviors like regular meditation practice are difficult to initiate and maintain (Bandura, 2004; King et al., 2009), and little is known about the uptake and impact of meditation”
MethodLifestyle advice for Korean Americans and native Koreans with hypertension
Kim, M. J., Lee, S. J., Ahn, Y. H., & Lee, H. (2010) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05504.x · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- King, D. E., Mainous, A. G., Carnemolla, M., & Everett, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- King, Dana E.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 528-534
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2089229405
- Cited by
- 336
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 75.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (5 D55HP05150)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health and Lifestyle Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- healthy lifestyle adherence, lifestyle trends, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, body mass index, obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, cardiovascular risk, temporal trends, racial and ethnic disparities, hypertension, diabetes mellitus
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Aged, Alcohol Drinking, Cardiovascular Diseases, Choice Behavior, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Feeding Behavior, Female, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Patient Compliance, Risk Factors, Smoking, United States, Health Behavior, Body Mass Index, Cluster Analysis, Practice Guidelines as Topic
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