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Adherence to healthy lifestyle habits in US adults, 1988–2006
Abstract
Background Lifestyle choices are associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality. The purpose of this study was to compare adherence to healthy lifestyle habits in adults between 1988 and 2006.Methods Analysis of adherence to 5 healthy lifestyle trends (>or=5 fruits and vegetables/day, regular exercise >12 times/month, maintaining healthy weight [body mass index 18.5-29.9 kg/m(2)], moderate alcohol consumption [up to 1 drink/day for women, 2/day for men] and not smoking) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-1994 were compared with results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2006 among adults aged 40-74 years.Results Over the last 18 years, the percent of adults aged 40-74 years with a body mass index >or=30 kg/m(2) has increased from 28% to 36% (P <.05); physical activity 12 times a month or more has decreased from 53% to 43% (P <.05); smoking rates have not changed (26.9% to 26.1%); eating 5 or more fruits and vegetables a day has decreased from 42% to 26% (P <.05), and moderate alcohol use has increased from 40% to 51% (P <.05). Adherence to all 5 healthy habits has gone from 15% to 8% (P <.05). Although adherence to a healthy lifestyle was lower among minorities, adherence decreased more among non-Hispanic Whites over the period. Individuals with a history of hypertension/diabetes/cardiovascular disease were no more likely to be adherent to a healthy lifestyle than people without these conditions.Conclusions Generally, adherence to a healthy lifestyle pattern has decreased during the last 18 years, with decreases documented in 3 of 5 healthy lifestyle habits. These findings have broad implications for the future risk of cardiovascular disease in adults.
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“Similar results have been observed for hypertension, elevated triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol.59”
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In the citing paper
“and $394 for an outpatient visit.59”
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“The cost of hypoglycemia, according to data from 536 581 individuals with type 2 DM from the 2004–2008 MarketScan database, was $52 223 675,”
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“which accounted for 1.0% of inpatient costs,”
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“Adherence to a healthy lifestyle includes stress management; however, fewer than 10% of adults in the United States follow this pattern, including women [46].”
From Engaging women with an embodied conversational agent to deliver mindfulness and lifestyle recommendations: A feasibility randomized control trial (2017) · cites this paper as [46]
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“Studies have shown the causality relationships between dietary patterns and lifestyle habits versus chronic illnesses (Jacques & Tucker, 2001;King, Mainous, Carnemolla, & Everett, 2009;WHO, 2003).”
From Emerging trends in European food, diets and food industry (2018) · cites this paper as King et al., 2009
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Metadata
- Authors
- King, D. E., Mainous, A. G., Carnemolla, M., & Everett, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- King, Dana E.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 528-534
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2089229405
- Cited by
- 336
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 75.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (5 D55HP05150)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health and Lifestyle Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- healthy lifestyle adherence, lifestyle trends, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, body mass index, obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, cardiovascular risk, temporal trends, racial and ethnic disparities, hypertension, diabetes mellitus
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Aged, Alcohol Drinking, Cardiovascular Diseases, Choice Behavior, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Feeding Behavior, Female, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Patient Compliance, Risk Factors, Smoking, United States, Health Behavior, Body Mass Index, Cluster Analysis, Practice Guidelines as Topic
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