Adherence to healthy lifestyle habits in US adults, 1988–2006
Abstract
Background Lifestyle choices are associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality. The purpose of this study was to compare adherence to healthy lifestyle habits in adults between 1988 and 2006.Methods Analysis of adherence to 5 healthy lifestyle trends (>or=5 fruits and vegetables/day, regular exercise >12 times/month, maintaining healthy weight [body mass index 18.5-29.9 kg/m(2)], moderate alcohol consumption [up to 1 drink/day for women, 2/day for men] and not smoking) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-1994 were compared with results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2006 among adults aged 40-74 years.Results Over the last 18 years, the percent of adults aged 40-74 years with a body mass index >or=30 kg/m(2) has increased from 28% to 36% (P <.05); physical activity 12 times a month or more has decreased from 53% to 43% (P <.05); smoking rates have not changed (26.9% to 26.1%); eating 5 or more fruits and vegetables a day has decreased from 42% to 26% (P <.05), and moderate alcohol use has increased from 40% to 51% (P <.05). Adherence to all 5 healthy habits has gone from 15% to 8% (P <.05). Although adherence to a healthy lifestyle was lower among minorities, adherence decreased more among non-Hispanic Whites over the period. Individuals with a history of hypertension/diabetes/cardiovascular disease were no more likely to be adherent to a healthy lifestyle than people without these conditions.Conclusions Generally, adherence to a healthy lifestyle pattern has decreased during the last 18 years, with decreases documented in 3 of 5 healthy lifestyle habits. These findings have broad implications for the future risk of cardiovascular disease in adults.
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Similar results have been observed for hypertension, elevated triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol.
“Similar results have been observed for hypertension, elevated triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol.59”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [59]
Mean cost per outpatient visit for hypoglycemia among individuals with type 2 diabetes was $394.
“and $394 for an outpatient visit.59”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [59]
Among 536,581 individuals with type 2 diabetes in 2004-2008 MarketScan data, the total cost of hypoglycemia was $52,223,675.
“The cost of hypoglycemia, according to data from 536 581 individuals with type 2 DM from the 2004–2008 MarketScan database, was $52 223 675,”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [59]
Mean cost per inpatient admission for hypoglycemia among individuals with type 2 diabetes was $17,564.
“This resulted in a mean cost of $17 564 for an inpatient admission,”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [59]
Mean cost per emergency department visit for hypoglycemia among individuals with type 2 diabetes was $1387.
“$1387 for an ED visit,”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [59]
Hypoglycemia accounted for 1.0% of inpatient costs among individuals with type 2 diabetes.
“which accounted for 1.0% of inpatient costs,”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [59]
Fewer than 10% of adults in the United States, including women, follow a healthy lifestyle pattern that includes stress management.
“Adherence to a healthy lifestyle includes stress management; however, fewer than 10% of adults in the United States follow this pattern, including women [46].”
From Engaging women with an embodied conversational agent to deliver mindfulness and lifestyle recommendations: A feasibility randomized control trial (2017) · cites this paper as [46]
Studies have shown causal relationships between dietary patterns and lifestyle habits and chronic illnesses.
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From Emerging trends in European food, diets and food industry (2018) · cites this paper as King et al., 2009
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Noordman, J., van der Weijden, T., & van Dulmen, S. (2012) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2012.07.006 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“non smoking, minimal alcohol use, healthy diet and being physically active) can prevent or reduce the burden of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [1–3].”
Background2010 Guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology for the Management of Hypertension
Chiang, C., Wang, T., Li, Y.-H., Lin, T., Chien, K., Yeh, H., Shyu, K., Tsai, W.-C., Chao, T.-H., Hwang, J., et al. (2010) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0929-6646(10)60120-9 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Elevating Subjective Well-Being Through Physical Exercises: An Intervention Study
Iwon, K., Skibinska, J., Jasielska, D., & Kalwarczyk, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.702678 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Preventive Cardiology and Lifestyle Medicine
Franklin, B. A., & Cushman, M. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.981613 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Alcohol consumption and cardiovascular diseases in rural China
Li, Z., Bai, Y., Guo, X., Zheng, L., Sun, Y., & Roselle, A. M. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.095 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Kim, C. H., Vincent, A., Clauw, D. J., Luedtke, C. A., Thompson, J. M., Schneekloth, T. D., & Oh, T. H. (2013) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/ar4200 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“The rate of alcohol use among our patients with fibromyalgia was lower than the 53% rate for women in the general population [10].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDiaz, K. M., Booth, J. N., Calhoun, D. A., Irvin, M. R., Howard, G., Safford, M. M., Muntner, P., & Shimbo, D. (2014) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03565 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Trends in Self-Reported Adherence to Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Among US Adults, 1999 to March 2020
Li, Y., Xia, P., Geng, T., Tu, Z., Zhang, Y., Yu, H., Zhang, J.-J., Guo, K., YANG, K. Y., Liu, G., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.23584 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Noordman, J., Verhaak, P. F. M., & van Dulmen, S. (2010) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-11-87 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Kraak, V. I., & Story, M. T. (2010) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.10.036 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Nonadherence, Clinical Inertia, or Therapeutic Inertia?
Allen, J. D., Curtiss, F. R., & Fairman, K. A. (2009) · Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2009.15.8.690 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Problems of the Healthy Lifestyle Discourse
Korp, P. (2010) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00313.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Agent-based modeling of policies to improve urban food access for low-income populations
Widener, M. J., Metcalf, S. S., & Bar-Yam, Y. (2013) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.01.003 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en adultos españoles
Rodríguez‐Rodríguez, E., Plaza, B. L., López-Sobaler, A. M., Anta, R. M. O., & Ucm, G. D. I. (2011) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · doi:10.3305/nh.2011.26.2.4918 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Hovick, S. R. A., Freimuth, V. S., Johnson‐Turbes, A., & Chervin, D. D. (2011) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01621.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“While the literature has shown that being female and being older are positive predictors of adherence to multiple health-related behaviors,(57) which is consistent with our results, it has also been shown that African Americans are less likely to engage in a variety of health behaviors,(58,59) contrary to our findings.”
ResultHealth Behavior Change: Can Genomics Improve Behavioral Adherence?
McBride, C. M., Bryan, A. D., Bray, M. S., Swan, G. E., & Green, E. D. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300513 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Associations between Dietary Patterns and Sedentary Behaviors in Polish Adults (LifeStyle Study)
Jeżewska-Zychowicz, M., Gębski, J., Guzek, D., Świątkowska, M., Stangierska, D., Plichta, M., & Kobylińska, M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10081004 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Healthy lifestyles emphasize that an individual’s behavior is conducted to minimize health problems and to maximize their own well-being [75].”
BackgroundManagement of Obesity in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007–2008
Samaranayake, N. R., Ong, K. L., Leung, R. Y. H., & Cheung, B. M. Y. (2012) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.01.001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Subsite-specific colorectal cancer risk in the colorectal endoscopy era
Stock, C., Pulte, D. D., Haug, U., & Brenner, H. (2012) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2011.10.025 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The manufacture of lifestyle: The role of corporations in unhealthy living
Freudenberg, N. (2012) · Journal of Public Health Policy · doi:10.1057/jphp.2011.60 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Over the last 18 years, according to one US study, adherence to healthy lifestyle patterns asmeasured by daily consumption of fruits and vegetables, regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, moderate alcohol consumption, and not smoking declined from 15 to 8 per cent for adults aged 40 to 74.(1) Other s…”
BackgroundPrognostic Effect of Exercise Capacity on Mortality in Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus
Nylen, E. S., Kokkinos, P. F., MYERS, J. N., & Faselis, C. J. (2010) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03068.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Unfortunately, the worsening trends in adherence to physical fitness in the general population compound these physiological alterations.(7) Older adults have the highest rates of disability, functional dependence, use of healthcare resources, and mortality, so effective interventions for older persons are of special i…”
BackgroundDeterminants of health-promoting lifestyle behaviour in the rural areas of Hungary
Paulik, E., Bóka, F., KERTESZ, A. E., Balogh, S., & Nagymajtényi, L. (2010) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daq025 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“…(fruit and vegetable consumption, regular exercise, maintaining healthy weight, moderate alcohol consumption and non-smoking) have been analysed comparing data of 1988–1994 and 2001–2006 in US adults; adherence to all five healthy habits has gone from 15 to 8% over 18 years (King et al., 2009).”
MethodNarrative Review and Analysis of the Use of “Lifestyle” in Health Psychology
Brivio, F., Viganò, A., Paterna, A., Palena, N., & Greco, A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054427 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Pronk, N. P., Lowry, M., Kottke, T. E., Austin, E. E., Gallagher, J. M., & Katz, A. S. (2010) · Population Health Management · doi:10.1089/pop.2009.0075 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Consumption values and physical activities: consumers’ healthy eating choices
Thomé, K. M., Pinho, G. M., & Hoppe, A. (2018) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-12-2017-0683 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dietary habits and health among university students living at or away from home in southern Italy.
Bagordo, F., Grassi, T., Serio, F., Idolo, A., & Donno, A. D. (2013) · AIRUS · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Food intake of individuals with and without diabetes across different countries and ethnic groups
Nöthlings, U., Boeing, H., Maskarinec, G., Sluik, D., Teucher, B., Kaaks, R., Tjønneland, A. M., Halkjær, J., Dethlefsen, C., Overvad, K., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.11 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“In the NHANES survey, individuals with diabetes have been shown to be no more likely to adhere to healthy lifestyles than individuals without diabetes, which included the consumption of fruit and vegetables (King et al., 2009).”
Differential Effects of Moderate Alcohol Consumption on Performance Among Older and Younger Adults
Sklar, A. L., Gilbertson, R. J., Boissoneault, J., Prather, R. A., & Nixon, S. J. (2012) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01833.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“With current trends in moderate drinking behaviors among older adults (King et al., 2009) and the understudied nature of this question, further characterization of the effects of alcohol on cognitive efficiency in older adults is clearly needed.”
BackgroundPhillips, A. S., & Guarnaccia, C. A. (2017) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317737606 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“As a result, adherence to behavior change recommendations is low (King et al., 2009).”
A healthy lifestyle composite measure: Significance and potential uses
Adams, M. L., Katz, D. L., & Shenson, D. (2015) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.12.005 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“These results are consistent with earlier studies (Troost et al., 2012; King et al., 2009; Pronk et al., 2004) that also found very low rates for adults practicing a healthy lifestyle, although the definition of a healthy lifestyle and ages of adults varied.”
ResultVallis, M., Lee‐Baggley, D., Sampalli, T., Ryer, A., Carson, S. R., Kumanan, K., & Edwards, L. (2017) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.10.022 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Lifestyle behaviours and quality-adjusted life years in middle and older age
Myint, P. K., Smith, R., Luben, R., Surtees, P. G., Wainwright, N. W. J., Wareham, N. J., & Khaw, K. (2011) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afr058 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
KONES, R. J., & Rumana, U. (2016) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2016.1271957 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“In the US, adherence to healthy lifestyle habits has fallen steadily during the past 18 years, despite several large programs to reverse the trend (54,91).”
BackgroundHackett, R. A., Moore, C., Steptoe, A., & Lassale, C. M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35238-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Assessment of antidiabetic potential and phytochemical profiling of Rhazya stricta root extracts
Mahmood, R., Kayani, W. K., Ahmed, T., Malik, F., Hussain, S., Ashfaq, M., Ali, H., Rubnawaz, S., Green, B. D., Calderwood, D., et al. (2020) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-020-03035-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“The rise in the number of patients of type 2 DM is associated with obesity, hypertension, and an increasingly elderly population and one of the main reasons is the unhealthy lifestyle with no adherence to improved diet and poor exercise [2].”
BackgroundTruthmann, J., Busch, M. A., Scheidt‐Nave, C., Mensink, G., Gößwald, A., Endres, M., & Neuhauser, H. K. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1929-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“In the United States adherence to five healthy behavioural factors (including fruit and vegetable consumption, regular exercise, healthy weight, alcohol consumption and smoking) in 40 to 74 year olds was as low as 8 % in 2006 and had decreased from 15 % in 1988 [14].”
BackgroundA Proposed Strategy against Obesity: How Government Policy Can Counter the Obesogenic Environment
Temple, N. J. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15132910 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“These findings are similar to the low level of exercise reported around 1990 to 2004 [25].”
ResultLifestyle risk score and mortality in Korean adults: a population-based cohort study
Lee, D. H., Nam, J. Y., Kwon, S., Keum, N., Lee, J.-T., Shin, M., & Oh, H. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66742-y · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Altmeyer, M., Lessel, P., Jantwal, S., Müller, L., Daiber, F., & Krüger, A. (2021) · User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction · doi:10.1007/s11257-021-09288-6 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Eating Identity Type Inventory (EITI). Development and associations with diet
Blake, C. E., Bell, B. A., Freedman, D. A., Colabianchi, N., & Liese, A. D. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.05.008 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Neighbourhood Environment Correlates of Physical Activity: A Study of Eight Czech Regional Towns
Sigmundová, D., Ansari, W. E., & Sigmund, E. (2011) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph8020341 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Vallis, M. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2015.01.002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Evidence suggests that health behaviours are strongly associated with health outcomes (6,43); that healthbehaviour change leads to improvements in health (5); and that the base rates of health behaviours are low (44).”
BackgroundLinking a Motivational Interviewing Curriculum to the Chronic Care Model
Abramowitz, S., Flattery, D., Franses, K., & Berry, L. (2010) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1426-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Turner, B. J., Navuluri, N., Winkler, P., Arismendez, S. V., & Finley, E. P. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.12.010 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
More Than Good Intentions: Advancing Adherence to Therapy Recommendations
Radomski, M. V. (2011) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2011.000885 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Gayer, B., Avendano, E. E., Edelson, E., Nirmala, N., Johnson, E. J., & Raman, G. (2019) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/cdn/nzz109 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Hing, M., Hoffman, R. M., Seleman, J., Chibwana, F., Kahn, D. G., & Moucheraud, C. (2019) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czz112 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Though the initial adjustment period was difficult, echoing findings from previous studies (Mellen et al., 2008; King et al., 2009), many participants were ultimately optimistic in making dietary and lifestyle changes.”
ResultRobertson, A., Mullan, B. A., & Todd, J. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Cardiovascular Diseaseamong Women in North-Eastcoast Malaysia
Muhamad, R., Yahya, R., & Yusoff, H. M. (2012) · International journal of collaborative research on internal medicine & public health · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Palomaki, G. E., Melillo, S. N., Neveux, L. M., Douglas, M. P., Dotson, W. D., Janssens, A. C. J. W., Balkite, E. A., & Bradley, L. A. (2010) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1097/gim.0b013e3181f8728d · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Correlates of Self-Care Behaviors among Low-Income Elderly Women with Hypertension in South Korea
Yang, S., Jeong, G. H., Kim, S., & Lee, S. H. (2013) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/1552-6909.12265 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Microsatellite instability among individuals of Hispanic origin with colorectal cancer
Gupta, S. N., Ashfaq, R., Kapur, P., Afonso, B. B., Nguyen, T., Ansari, F., Boland, C. R., Goel, A., & Rockey, D. C. (2010) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.25486 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Using a Mixed-Methods RE-AIM Framework to Evaluate Community Health Programs for Older Latinas
Schwingel, A., Gálvez, P., Linares, D. E., & Sebastião, É. (2016) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264316641075 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Behavioral change programs such as AEA, however, utilize contemporary advances in behavioral science to help people identify positive lifestyle choices that are personally meaningful to them and that they can implement in their daily routines (Cress et al., 2005; King et al., 2009).”
BackgroundDieteren, C. M., Brouwer, W. B. F., & van Exel, J. N. A. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-8429-y · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“However, contrary to what would be desirable from a public health perspective, studies have shown that adherence to a healthy lifestyle (making healthy choices) has decreased over the past decade [5, 6].”
ResultJeon, Y., Pyo, J., Park, Y.-K., & Ock, M. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09940-7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Increasing Stair Use in an Office Worksite through an Interactive Environmental Intervention
Swenson, T., & Siegel, M. (2013) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.120221-quan-104 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Although there are many nationwide initiatives to promote physical activity, little progress has been made over the past two decades.(4) Widespread awareness campaigns extolling the importance of exercise have not made a significant impact and Americans have become less physically active overall between 1955 and 2005,…”
BackgroundCarstens, M. T., Goedecke, J. H., Dugas, L., Evans, J., Kroff, J., Levitt, N. S., & Lambert, E. V. (2013) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-10-8 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“This trend in obesity may be linked to changes in population levels of physical activity [5], along with a changing food”
BackgroundFitness, fatness, and systolic blood pressure: Data from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study
Chen, J., Das, S. R., Barlow, C. E., Grundy, S. M., & Gilchrist, S. C. (2010) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.04.014 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Troost, J. P., Rafferty, A. P., Luo, Z., & Reeves, M. J. (2011) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300326 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
- Authors
- King, D. E., Mainous, A. G., Carnemolla, M., & Everett, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- King, Dana E.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 528-534
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2089229405
- Cited by
- 336
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 75.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (5 D55HP05150)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Lifestyle Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- healthy lifestyle adherence, lifestyle trends, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, body mass index, obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, cardiovascular risk, temporal trends, racial and ethnic disparities, hypertension, diabetes mellitus
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Aged, Alcohol Drinking, Cardiovascular Diseases, Choice Behavior, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Feeding Behavior, Female, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Patient Compliance, Risk Factors, Smoking, United States, Health Behavior, Body Mass Index, Cluster Analysis, Practice Guidelines as Topic
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