Resting Heart Rate: Risk Indicator and Emerging Risk Factor in Cardiovascular Disease
Abstract
Resting heart rate is central to cardiac output and is influenced by changes occurring in numerous diseases. It predicts longevity and cardiovascular diseases, and current evidence suggests that it is also an important marker of outcome in cardiovascular disease, including heart failure. Beta-blockers improve outcomes in heart failure; however, they have effects outside reducing heart rate. Ivabradine has demonstrated efficacy in reducing rehospitalizations and mortality in heart failure and in improving exercise tolerance and reducing angina attacks in patients with coronary artery disease, whereas selective heart rate reduction may also prove to be beneficial in therapeutic areas outside those in which ivabradine has already demonstrated clinical efficacy. This review provides an update on the associations between heart rate and cardiovascular outcomes in various conditions, the experimental effects of heart rate reduction with ivabradine, and the potential new indications in cardiovascular disease.
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Increased heart rate is generally considered an adverse effect, associated with lower survival.
“Increased heart rate is generally considered an adverse effect, associated with lower survival. 35”
From Healthy Weight Loss Maintenance with Exercise, Liraglutide, or Both Combined (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
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Self-citationHeart rate correlates with severity of coronary atherosclerosis in young postinfarction patients
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Elevated Heart Rate: A “New” Cardiovascular Risk Factor?
Palatini, P. (2009) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2009.06.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Heart Rate Contributes to the Vascular Effects of Chronic Mental Stress
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Association of heart rate with microalbuminuria in cardiovascular risk patients: data from I-SEARCH
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Self-citationRole of Heart Rate Reduction in the Prevention of Experimental Heart Failure
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Self-citationUltimate survival from septic shock
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Voors, A. A., van Veldhuisen, D. J., Robertson, M., Ford, I., BORER, J. S., Böhm, M., Michel Komajda, N., Swedberg, K. B., & Tavazzi, L. (2014) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.59 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationSimon, E. (2013) · ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont) · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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Self-citationWilhelm, J., Hettwer, S., Schuermann, M., Bagger, S., Gerhardt, F., Mundt, S., Muschik, S., Zimmermann, J., Amoury, M., Ebelt, H., et al. (2014) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-014-0684-4 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Risk Following Hospitalization in Stable Chronic Systolic Heart Failure
Abrahamsson, P., Swedberg, K. B., BORER, J. S., Böhm, M., Køber, L., Michel Komajda, N., Lloyd, S. M., Metra, M., Tavazzi, L., & Ford, I. (2013) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hft032 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
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Self-citationMorbidity and Mortality in Cardiovascular Disorders: Impact of Reduced Heart Rate
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Self-citationOptimization of pharmacotherapy in chronic heart failure: is heart rate adequately addressed?
Franke, J., Wolter, J. S., Meme, L., Keppler, J., Tschierschke, R., Katus, H. A., & Zugck, C. (2012) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-012-0489-2 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
BEAUTIFUL results—the slower, the better?
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Self-citationEndurance Exercise Training Improves Heart Rate Recovery in Patients with COPD
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Effect of ivabradine in dobutamine induced sinus tachycardia in a case of acute heart failure
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Self-citationNerla, R., Franco, A. D., Milo, M., Pitocco, D., Zaccardi, F., Tarzia, P., Sarullo, F. M., Villano, A., Russo, G., Stazi, A., et al. (2012) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302795 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Logeart, D., Gueffet, J.-P., Rouzet, F., Pousset, F., Chavelas, C., Solal, A. C., & Jondeau, G. (2009) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfn016 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Heart rate differentiates urgency and emergency in hypertensive crisis
Bannay, R. A., Böhm, M., & Husain, A. (2013) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-013-0570-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationHeart rate: surrogate or target in the management of heart failure?
Böhm, M., & Reil, J. C. (2012) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302301 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Enhances Heart Rate Recovery in Patients With COPD
Georgiopoulou, V. V., Dimopoulos, S. K., Sakellariou, D., Papazachou, O., Gerovasili, V., Tasoulis, A., Agapitou, V., Vogiatzis, I., Roussos, C., & Nanas, S. (2012) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.4187/respcare.01485 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ivabradine: potential clinical applications in critically ill patients
Santis, V. D., Vitale, D., Santoro, A., Magliocca, A., Porto, A. G., Nencini, C., & Tritapepe, L. (2012) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-012-0516-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Self-citationCorreale, M., Montrone, D., Biase, M. D., & Brunetti, N. D. (2012) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-012-0437-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ivabradine therapy to unmask heart rate-independent effects of β-blockers on pulse wave reflections
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Filippatos, T. D., Panagiotopoulou, T. V., & Elisaf, M. S. (2014) · The Review of Diabetic Studies · Cited by 560 · see citing works
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“Second, resting heart rate is also a widely used parameter for general health assessments to detect cardiovascular diseases [8].”
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Heart rate reduction in coronary artery disease and heart failure
Ferrari, R., & Fox, K. M. (2016) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2016.84 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
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Resting heart rate: what is normal?
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Ivabradine for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases
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Resting heart rate and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study and meta-analysis
Lee, D. H., de Rezende, L. F. M., Hu, F. B., Jeon, J. Y., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2019) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3095 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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ECG-Free Heartbeat Detection in Seismocardiography Signals via Template Matching
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Personalized Maternal Sleep Quality Assessment: An Objective IoT-based Longitudinal Study
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Self-citationDeviations from normal bedtimes are associated with short-term increases in resting heart rate
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Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists in Hypoglycemia
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Ivabradine in Cardiovascular Disease Management Revisited: a Review
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- Authors
- Böhm, M., Reil, J.-C., Deedwania, P., Kim, J. B., & Borer, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes (DE)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Amgen (United States) (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Böhm, Michael
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 128
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 219-228
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2082410000
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Amgen
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart rate and cardiovascular health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- resting heart rate, cardiovascular risk, heart failure, ivabradine, beta-blockers, heart rate reduction, cardiovascular outcomes, coronary artery disease, mortality, hospital readmission, angina pectoris, exercise tolerance
- MeSH terms
- Ivabradine, Benzazepines, Cardiovascular Agents, Cardiovascular Diseases, Heart Rate, Humans, Rest, Risk Factors, Treatment Outcome
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