Morbidity and Mortality in Cardiovascular Disorders: Impact of Reduced Heart Rate
Open accessAbstract
It has been known for many years that smaller mam- mals as a group tend to have a higher resting heart rate associated with shorter life spans.This is in sharp con- trast to larger mammals, which have much slower heart rates and longer life expectancy, and among most mammals, there is a linear inverse relationship between heart rate and life expectancy.The sole excep- tion is the case of humans (Fig. 1).As indicated by Levine (1), the total number of heart beats per lifetime is remarkably constant at a figure of about 3 billion, despite a 40-fold difference in life expectancies among various mammalian species (2,3).These observations carry potentially important clinical implications.They raise the inherent possibility that the level of the rest- ing heart rate, however achieved, may prove an impor- tant determinant of longer life span; conversely, sus- tained elevations of heart rate will be a risk factor for death and may shorten overall survival in subjects with known cardiovascular disease, as well in those without manifest disease.The purpose of this review is to (1) critically exam- ine the epidemiologic data on the nature of the rela- tionship between heart rate and morbidity and mortal- ity in patients with cardiac disease and in subjects in the general population, and (2) correlate the clinical findings with those derived from experimental and clinical laboratories dealing with the effect of heart rate reduction in relevant investigative models.The acceleration of the recent clinical interest in the sub-
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Population-based studies indicate that baseline heart rate elevations are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, cancer, and mortality.
“This concern is potentiated by population-based studies indicating that baseline heart rate elevations are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, cancer, and mortality.2–5”
From Sinus Tachycardia: a Multidisciplinary Expert Focused Review (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Numerous population-based studies indicate that baseline heart rate elevations are associated with increased risk of incident heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and death.
“On the other hand, numerous population-based studies indicate that baseline heart rate elevations are associated with increased risk of incident heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and death.2–5,20–22”
From Sinus Tachycardia: a Multidisciplinary Expert Focused Review (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
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Resting Heart Rate: Risk Indicator and Emerging Risk Factor in Cardiovascular Disease
Böhm, M., Reil, J.-C., Deedwania, P., Kim, J. B., & Borer, J. S. (2015) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.09.016 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Sinus Tachycardia: a Multidisciplinary Expert Focused Review
Mayuga, K. A., Fedorowski, A., Ricci, F., Gopinathannair, R., Dukes, J. W., Gibbons, C., Hanna, P., Sorajja, D., Chung, M., Benditt, D., et al. (2022) · Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology · doi:10.1161/circep.121.007960 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Sinus tachyarrhythmias and the specific bradycardic agents: a marriage made in heaven?
Yusuf, S., & Camm, A. J. (2003) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/107424840300800202 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
- Authors
- Singh, B. N.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, Bramah N.
- Venue
- Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 313-331
- ISSN
- 1074-2484 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-4034
- OpenAlex
- W2056596502
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart rate and cardiovascular health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Keywords
- resting heart rate, heart rate reduction, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, life expectancy, cardiovascular disease
- MeSH terms
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, Animals, Body Constitution, Clinical Trials as Topic, Follow-Up Studies, Heart Diseases, Heart Rate, Humans, Hypertension, Life Expectancy, Longevity, Risk Factors
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