Cited by 62Electric Vehicles and InfrastructureSmart Grid Energy ManagementOptimal Power Flow Distribution

Hierarchical distributed framework for EV charging scheduling using exchange problem

Open access
Khaki, Behnam, Chu, Chicheng, Gadh, Rajit·2019·Applied Energy

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.008

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Most mentioned studies overlook the potential benefits of an integrated DER environment, such as DERMS, where EVs could operate in coordination with other DERs to enhance overall grid stability and flexibility.

    “Second, most studies overlook the potential benefits of an integrated DER environment, such as DERMS, where EVs could operate in coordination with other DERs to enhance overall grid stability and flexibility.”

    From Improving distribution system flexibility using electric vehicles under the distributed energy resource management system framework (2026) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Conclusion (page unavailable) reports that coordinated EV charging reduces load variance and peak demand while respecting feeder capacity constraints. The Related Work section (page unavailable) discusses limitations of prior EV-charging methods, but our copy does not say that most studies overlook integration with other DERs or a DERMS. Its plug-and-play flexibility refers to agents changing objectives, not to grid flexibility from EV–DER coordination. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Studies in Refs [11 -17,19 -22] do not introduce a proper flexibility quantification method to effectively exploit the flexibility of EVs.

    “Furthermore, the studies in Refs. [11 -17,19 -22] do not introduce a proper flexibility quantification method to effectively exploit the flexibility of EVs”

    From Improving distribution system flexibility using electric vehicles under the distributed energy resource management system framework (2026) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Conclusion (page unavailable) describes an EV charging-scheduling framework and uses “flexibility” to mean that agents can change their objective functions. The evaluation metrics passage (page unavailable) measures load-profile performance, not EV flexibility. I searched for flexibility quantification, but our copy does not assess whether this study introduces a proper method for quantifying EV flexibility. (LLM, conf=0.70)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 40

  1. D. Fischer, A. Harbrecht, A. Surmann, R. McKenna, Electric vehicles im- pacts on residential electric local profiles a stochastic modelling approach considering socio-economic, behavioural and spatial factors, Applied En- ergy 233-234 (2019) 644 -658. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.010. · DOI
  2. K. Clement-Nyns, E. Haesen, J. Driesen, The impact of charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on a residential distribution grid, IEEE transactions on power systems 25 (2010) 371-380. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2036481. · DOI · Paper page
  3. L. P. Fernandez, T. G. S. Roman, R. Cossent, C. M. Domingo, and P. Frias, Assessment of the Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on Distribution Networks, IEEE transactions on power systems 26 (2011) 206-213. doi:10. 1109/TPWRS.2010.2049133. · DOI · Paper page
  4. W. Kempton, J. Tomić, Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: calculating capacity and net revenue, Journal of Power Sources 144 (2005) 268-279. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.025. · DOI · Paper page
  5. B. Khaki, Y. Chung, C. Chu, R. Gadh, Nonparametric user behavior prediction for distributed ev charging scheduling, in: 2018 IEEE Power Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), 2018, pp. 1-5. doi:10.1109/ PESGM.2018.8585744. · DOI
  6. Y. Chung, B. Khaki, C. Chu, R. Gadh, Electric vehicle user behavior pre- diction using hybrid kernel density estimator, in: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (PMAPS), 2018, pp. 1-6. doi:10.1109/PMAPS.2018.8440360. · DOI
  7. B. Khaki, C. Chu, R. Gadh, A hierarchical admm based framework for ev charging scheduling, in: 2018 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D), 2018, pp. 1-9. doi:10.1109/TDC.2018. 8440531. · DOI
  8. W. Tang, Y. J. Zhang, A Model Predictive Control Approach for Low-Complexity Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling: Optimality and Scalability, IEEE transactions on power systems 32 (2017) 1050-1063. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2585202. · DOI
  9. B. Wang, Y. Wang, H. Nazaripouya, C. Qiu, C. Chu, R. Gadh, Pre- dictive Scheduling Framework for Electric Vehicles With Uncertainties of User Behaviors, IEEE Internet of Things Journal 4 (2017) 52-63. doi:10.1109/JIOT.2016.2617314. · DOI
  10. C. Peng, J. Zou, L. Lian, L. Li, An optimal dispatching strategy for v2g aggregator participating in supplementary frequency regulation considering ev driving demand and aggregators benefits, Applied Energy 190 (2017) 591 -599. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.065. · DOI
  11. A. Bilh, K. Naik, R. El-Shatshat, A Novel Online Charging Algorithm for Electric Vehicles Under Stochastic Net-Load, IEEE transactions smart grid 9 (2018) 1787-1799. doi:10.1109/TSG.2016.2599819. · DOI
  12. Y. Zheng, Y. Shang, Z. Shao, L. Jian, A novel real-time scheduling strategy with near-linear complexity for integrating large-scale electric vehicles into smart grid, Applied Energy 217 (2018) 1 -13. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy. 2018.02.084. · DOI
  13. A. Perez-Diaz, E. Gerding, F. McGroarty, Coordination and payment mechanisms for electric vehicle aggregators, Applied Energy 212 (2018) 185 -195. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.036. · DOI
  14. Z. Liu, Q. Wu, M. Shahidehpour, C. Li, S. Huang, W. Wei, Transactive real-time electric vehicle charging management for commercial buildings with pv on-site generation, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid (2018) 1-1. doi:10.1109/TSG.2018.2871171. · DOI
  15. R. Mehta, P. Verma, D. Srinivasan, J. Yang, Double-layered intelligent energy management for optimal integration of plug-in electric vehicles into distribution systems, Applied Energy 233-234 (2019) 146 -155. doi:10. 1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.008. · DOI
  16. L. Gan, U. Topcu, S. H. Low, Optimal decentralized protocol for electric vehicle charging, IEEE transactions on power systems 28 (2013) 940-951. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2210288. · DOI
  17. J. Rivera, C. Goebel, H. A. Jacobsen, Distributed Convex Optimization for Electric Vehicle Aggregators, IEEE transactions smart grid 8 (2017) 1852-1863. doi:10.1109/TSG.2015.2509030. · DOI
  18. Y. Xiong, B. Wang, C. cheng Chu, R. Gadh, Vehicle grid integration for demand response with mixture user model and decentralized optimization, Applied Energy 231 (2018) 481 -493. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09. 139. · DOI
  19. M. A. Tajeddini, H. Kebriaei, A mean-field game method for decentral- ized charging coordination of a large population of plug-in electric vehicles, IEEE Systems Journal (2018) 1-10. doi:10.1109/JSYST.2018.2855971. · DOI
  20. M. Shokri, H. Kebriaei, Mean field optimal energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 68 (2019) 113-120. doi:10.1109/TVT.2018.2878809. · DOI
  21. M. Latifi, A. Rastegarnia, A. Khalili, S. Sanei, Agent-based decentral- ized optimal charging strategy for plug-in electric vehicles, IEEE Trans- actions on Industrial Electronics 66 (2019) 3668-3680. doi:10.1109/TIE. 2018.2853609. · DOI
  22. W. Yao, J. Zhao, F. Wen, Y. Xue, G. Ledwich, A Hierarchical Decomposi- tion Approach for Coordinated Dispatch of Plug-in Electric Vehicles, IEEE transactions on power systems 28 (2013) 2768-2778. doi:10.1109/TPWRS. 2013.2256937. · DOI
  23. W. J. Ma, V. Gupta, U. Topcu, On distributed charging control of electric vehicles with power network capacity constraints, in: American control con- ference, IEEE, Portland, OR, 2014, pp. 4306-4311. doi:10.1145/1218063. 1217942. · DOI
  24. H. Chung, W. Li, C. Yuen, C. Wen, N. Crespi, Electric Vehicle Charge Scheduling Mechanism to Maximize Cost Efficiency and User Convenience, IEEE transactions smart grid (2018). doi:10.1109/TSG.2018.2817067. · DOI
  25. P. Staudt, M. Schmidt, J. Grttner, C. Weinhardt, A decentralized approach towards resolving transmission grid congestion in germany using vehicle- to-grid technology, Applied Energy 230 (2018) 1435 -1446. doi:10.1016/ j.apenergy.2018.09.045. · DOI
  26. Y. Yang, Q. Jia, G. Deconinck, X. Guan, Z. Qiu, Z. Hu, Distributed coor- dination of ev charging with renewable energy in a microgrid of buildings, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 9 (2018) 6253-6264. doi:10.1109/TSG. 2017.2707103. · DOI
  27. C. Wen, J. Chen, J. Teng, P. Ting, Decentralized Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Selection Algorithm in Power Systems, IEEE transactions smart grid 3 (2012) 1779-1789. doi:10.1109/TSG.2012.2217761. · DOI
  28. W. Qi, Z. Xu, Z. M. Shen, Z. Hu, Y. Song, Hierarchical Coordinated Control of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Charging in Multifamily Dwellings, IEEE transactions smart grid 5 (2014) 1465-1474. doi:10.1109/TSG.2014. 2308217. · DOI
  29. J. Lin, K. Leung, and V. O. K. Li, Optimal Scheduling With Vehicle- to-Grid Regulation Service, IEEE Internet of Things Journal 1 (2014) 556-569. doi:10.1109/JIOT.2014.2361911. · DOI
  30. C. Shao, X. Wang, X. Wang, C. Du, B. Wang, Hierarchical Charge Control of Large Populations of EVs, IEEE transactions smart grid 7 (2016) 1147- 1155. doi:10.1109/TSG.2015.2396952. · DOI
  31. C. Le Floch, F. Belletti, S. Moura, Optimal charging of electric vehi- cles for load shaping: A dual-splitting framework with explicit convergence bounds, IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification 2 (2016) 190- 199. doi:10.1109/TTE.2016.2531025. · DOI
  32. R. Verschae, H. Kawashima, T. Kato, T. Matsuyama, Coordinated energy management for inter-community imbalance minimization, Renewable En- ergy 87 (2016) 922 -935. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.039, optimiza- tion Methods in Renewable Energy Systems Design. · DOI
  33. X. Chen, K. Leung, A. Y. S. Lam, D. Hill, Online scheduling for hierarchical vehicle-to-grid system: Design, formulation, and algorithm, 2018, pp. 1-1. doi:10.1109/TVT.2018.2887087. · DOI
  34. S. Zou, I. Hiskens, Z. Ma, Consensus-based coordination of electric vehicle charging considering transformer hierarchy, Control Engineering Practice 80 (2018) 138 -145. doi:10.1016/j.conengprac.2018.08.018. · DOI
  35. P. Braun, T. Faulwasser, L. Grüne, C. M. Kellett, S. R. Weller, K. Worth- mann, Hierarchical distributed ADMM for predictive control with appli- cations in power networks, IFAC Journal of Systems and Control 3 (2018) 10-22. doi:10.1016/j.ifacsc.2018.01.001. · DOI
  36. S. Boyd, N. Parikh, E. Chu, B. Peleato, and J. Eckstein, Distributed optimization and statistical learning via the alternating direction method of multipliers, Foundations and Trends®\quad in Machine Learning 3 (2011) 1-122. doi:10.1561/2200000016. · DOI · Paper page
  37. M. Diekerhof, F. Peterssen, A. Monti, Hierarchical Distributed Robust Optimization for Demand Response Services, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 9 (2018) 6018-6029. doi:10.1109/TSG.2017.2701821. · DOI
  38. E. Sortomme, M. M. Hindi, S. D. J. MacPherson, S. S. Venkata, Coordi- nated Charging of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles to Minimize Distribu- tion System Losses, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2 (2011) 198-205. doi:10.1109/TSG.2010.2090913. · DOI · Paper page
  39. Z. Ma, S. Zou, X. Liu, A Distributed Charging Coordination for Large-Scale Plug-In Electric Vehicles Considering Battery Degradation Cost, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 23 (2015) 2044-2052. doi:10. 1109/TCST.2015.2394319. · DOI
  40. S. S. Amiri, S. Jadid, H. Saboori, Multi-objective optimum charging man- agement of electric vehicles through battery swapping stations, Energy 165 (2018) 549 -562. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.167. · DOI

Cited by

Authors
Khaki, B., Chu, C., & Gadh, R.
Affiliations
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author
Khaki, Behnam
Venue
Applied Energy
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2019-05
Volume
241
Pages
461-471
ISSN
0306-2619 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2920436579
Cited by
62
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3
FWCI
3.24
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Applied Energy (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optimal Power Flow Distribution
Keywords
electric vehicle charging scheduling, multi-agent systems, alternating direction method of multipliers, agent clustering, load flattening, charging cost reduction, scalability

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review