Improving distribution system flexibility using electric vehicles under the distributed energy resource management system framework

May combine two claims.

Although decentralized solutions can protect privacy, central management of DNOs still plays a non-negligible role due to the reality of the existing grid structure.

“Although these decentralized solutions can pro­ tect privacy, the central management of DNOs still plays a non-negligible role due to the reality of the existing grid structure [18].”

• cites [18] Yagmur, 2021, Blockchainbased energy applications: the DSO perspective, IEEE Access sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

DERMS has emerged as a software solution for managing the growing diversity and complexity of distributed energy resources in modern power distribution systems.

“In this context, the distributed energy resource management system (DERMS) has emerged as a new software solution for managing the growing diversity and complexity of distributed energy resources (DERs) in modern power distribution systems [2 -5].”

• cites [2] Seal, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [3] Strezoski, 2022, Integration of utility distributed energy resource management system and aggregators for evolving distribution system operators, J Mod Power Syst Clean Energy sourceSupported
• cites [4] Pourghasem Gavgani, 2024, Distributed energy resources management system (derms) and its coordination with transmission system: review and cosimulation, Energies sourceSupported
• cites [5] Singh, 2021 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The surge in EV penetration has introduced challenges for distribution systems, including increased load volatility, potential overload from simultaneous charging, and risks to voltage stability.

“However, this surge in EV penetration has introduced challenges for distribution sys­ tems, including increased load volatility, potential overload from simultaneous charging, and risks to voltage stability [1].”

• cites [1] Richardson, 2010 sourcePartly supported

  The introduction says EVs will create new demand patterns and that high penetration could increase coincident demand and exceed current and voltage limits. The Results sections on thermal loading and voltage levels substantiate overload and voltage-limit risks under the modeled conditions. The paper does not establish increased load volatility or a surge in EV penetration that has already occurred; it assesses potential effects. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

DERMS integrates diverse stakeholders through a hierarchical framework and supports core capabilities such as translation, aggregation, simplification, and optimization, enabling effective management of large-scale DERs.

“DERMS integrates diverse stakeholders through a hierarchical framework and supports core capabilities such as translation, aggregation, simplification, and optimization, enabling the effective management of large-scale DERs.”

• cites [2] Seal, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [3] Strezoski, 2022, Integration of utility distributed energy resource management system and aggregators for evolving distribution system operators, J Mod Power Syst Clean Energy sourcePartly supported

  Section B, “Roles and Responsibilities of DER Management Solutions” (page not provided), describes utility DERMS and DER aggregators as different levels in a hierarchy and says they can jointly manage DERs through aggregation and optimization. Section C, “Integration of Utility DERMS and DER Aggregators: an Ideal Case” (page not provided), discusses managing systems with high DER penetration. The copy does not identify translation or simplification as core capabilities, and its hierarchy is of management solutions rather than stakeholders. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [4] Pourghasem Gavgani, 2024, Distributed energy resources management system (derms) and its coordination with transmission system: review and cosimulation, Energies sourceSupported
• cites [5] Singh, 2021 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

In the UV scenario, at 19:00, Case 1 allocates maximum negative flexibility power, whereas Case 2 allocates negative flexibility power that satisfies the voltage range.

“However, at 19:00, Case 1 allocates the maximum negative flexibility power, whereas Case 2 allocates a negative flexibility power that satisfies the voltage range.”

May combine two claims.

In both cases, the optimal power (Popt) profile is concentrated in previous time intervals with low TOU prices, and the allocated power (Pallo) closely follows Popt when flexibility is not required.

“Additionally, in both cases, the optimal power ( Popt ) profile is concentrated in previous time intervals with low TOU prices, and the allocated power ( Pallo ) closely follows Popt when flexibility is not required.”

May combine two claims.

In the UV scenario, the optimization process of flexibility allocation was performed at 22:00 in Case 1 and at 19:00 in Case 2 to resolve the voltage event; however, voltage events were not resolved at other times.

“The optimization process of flexibility allocation was performed at 22:00 in Case 1 and at 19:00 in Case 2 to resolve the voltage event; however, the voltage events were not resolved at other times.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Case 2 offers a wider range of flexibility power, including additional discharge capacity, but Pallo values remain largely similar to Case 1 in the OV scenario.

“Case 2 offers a wider range of flexibility power, including additional discharge capacity, but the Pallo values remain largely similar to those in Case 1.”

May combine two claims.

The proposed framework demonstrated high adaptability by achieving a high resolution rate in a more challenging environment, and confirmed excellent scalability with a quasi-linear increase in computation time relative to the growth in system complexity.

“The results demonstrated high adaptability by achieving a high resolution rate in a more challenging environment, and confirmed excellent scalability with a quasi-linear increase in computation time relative to the growth in system complexity.”

May combine two claims.

The total positive flexibility power (Ppos) and positive opportunity cost (OCpos) in Cases 1 and 2 are nearly the same.

“The total positive flexibility power ( Ppos ) and positive opportunity cost ( OCpos ) in Cases 1 and 2 are nearly the same.”

May combine two claims.

The maximum elapsed time across all scenarios was 28.036 s, while the minimum was 1.245 s.

“The maximum elapsed time across all scenarios was 28.036 s, while the minimum was 1.245 s.”

May combine two claims.

As system size and complexity increased from the 33-bus radial to the 69-bus meshed grid, the average elapsed time for Case 1 increased from 4.307 s to 7.758 s, and for Case 2, from 9.079 s to 19.508 s.

“As shown in Table 4, as the system size and complexity increased from the 33-bus radial to the 69-bus meshed grid, the average elapsed time for Case 1 increased from 4.307 s to 7.758 s, and for Case 2, from 9.079 s to 19.508 s.”

May combine two claims.

The proposed framework successfully resolved approximately 36% of events in Case 1 and 70% of events in Case 2 in the 69-bus meshed network.

“Despite this more complex environment, the proposed framework demonstrated high adaptability by successfully resolving approximately 36 % and 70 % of the events in Case 1 and Case 2, respectively, confirming its effective operation in a meshed grid.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The number of EVCSs managed by each EVA and the specifications of individual EVs are homogeneous.

May combine two claims.

The trends in OV scenarios for Cases 1 and 2 are similar, with both cases providing a comparable amount of flexibility power.

“As discussed in subsection 5.2, the trends in OV scenarios for Cases 1 and 2 are similar, with both cases providing a comparable amount of flexibility power.”

May combine two claims.

In the OV scenario, the MAPE for Case 1 is 2.09%, indicating a small error but room for improvement by using feedback loops.

“In the OV scenario, the MAPE for Case 1 is 2.09 %, indicating a small error but suggesting that there is room for improvement by using feedback loops.”

May combine two claims.

In the other cases (OV Case 2, UV Case 1, UV Case 2), MAPE values are relatively low, with particularly high precision in Case 1 of the UV scenario.

“By contrast, the MAPE values in the other cases are relatively low, with particularly high precision observed in Case 1 of the UV scenario.”

May combine two claims.

The opportunity cost of providing Pneg is 0 KRW, because the applied charging control starts earlier when the prices are the lowest.

“Additionally, the opportunity cost of providing Pneg is 0 KRW, because the applied charging control starts earlier when the prices are the lowest.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There is no tariff on EV discharging under South Korea's tariff system.

May combine two claims.

The proposed DERMS framework introduces multiple hierarchical levels, including a virtual level, to integrate multiple DERs into the distribution system and reduce complexity.

“We propose a novel scalable DERMS framework that introduces multiple hierarchical levels, including a virtual level, to integrate multiple DERs into the distribution system and reduce complexity.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

If an EV deviates from its optimal schedule at the current time by charging more or discharging, the total charging cost over the entire parking duration may increase to meet the departure SOC.

“That is, if an EV deviates from its optimal schedule at the current time by charging more or discharging, the total charging cost over the entire parking duration may increase to meet the departure SOC.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Distributed solutions with partial decomposition can reduce the computational complexity of the centralized problem.

“Distributed solutions with partial decomposition can reduce the computational complexity of the centralized problem.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Even with preprocessing, the EVA flexibility dataset can still be large, posing challenges for DNOs that subsequently need to optimize the entire system.

“Even with preprocessing, the dataset can still be large, posing challenges for DNOs that subsequently need to optimize the entire sys­ tem.”

May combine two claims.

Distributed hierarchical optimization divides the optimization problem into enterprise level and operational level to reduce computational complexity and enable autonomous operation of each aggregator.

“Distributed hierarchical optimization divides the optimization problem into enterprise level and operational level to reduce computational complexity and enable autonomous operation of each aggregator.”

May combine two claims.

EV aggregators aggregate the flexibility of individual EVs and provide it to the grid, where simple summation cannot accurately represent EV flexibility.

“In particular, EV aggre­ gators (EVAs) play a role in aggregating the flexibility of individual EVs and providing it to the grid, where simple summation cannot accurately represent EV flexibility.”

May combine two claims.

Because each EV has different state of charge, charging patterns, and user preferences, the flexibility capacity that individual EVs can provide varies and the aggregated capacity is not fully accounted for by simple maximum/minimum capacity.

“Because each EV has different state of charge (SOC), charging patterns, user preferences, etc., the flexibility capacity that individual EVs can provide varies and the aggregated capacity is not fully accounted for by simple maximum/minimum capacity.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The proposed approach models the economic consequences of deviating from an optimized schedule, rather than a direct revenue model.

“This approach models the economic consequences of devi­ ating from an optimized schedule, rather than a direct revenue model.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Active power dispatch of EVs can be readily extended to other resources.

“In this study, we perform active power dispatch of EVs, and it can be readily extended to other resources.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Quadratic curve fitting simplifies the EVA flexibility dataset by approximating the relationship between flexibility power and opportunity cost with a quadratic function.

“In this context, quadratic curve fitting is used to simplify the dataset by approximating the relationship between flexibility power and op­ portunity cost with a quadratic function.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Because detailed flexibility information includes data from individual EVs, there are potential data security concerns.

“Furthermore, because the detailed flexibility information includes data from individual EVs, there are potential data security concerns.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The proposed DERMS framework comprises four hierarchical levels: device, aggregation, operational, and enterprise, with an optional virtual level.

“Fig. 1 illustrates the proposed DERMS framework, which comprises four hierarchical levels: device, aggregation, operational, and enter­ prise, with an optional virtual level.”

May combine two claims.

The increase in computation time from the 33-bus radial to the 69-bus meshed grid is quasi-linear rather than exponential, confirming excellent scalability.

“This quasi-linear, rather than exponential, increase in computation time confirms the excellent scalability of the proposed approach, indicating its suitability for larger, more realistic networks without a prohibitive increase in computational burden.”

May combine two claims.

The core hierarchical optimization concept remains applicable to a weakly-meshed network, but transitioning from a radial to a meshed grid requires modifications to the power flow constraints due to the presence of loops.

“The core hierarchical optimization concept remains applicable; however, transitioning from a radial to a meshed grid requires modifications to the power flow constraints due to the presence of loops.”

May combine two claims.

QA methods are well suited for real-time or large-scale applications, whereas the EX method is less practical for handling extensive datasets.

“These results emphasize that QA methods are well suited for real-time or large-scale applications, whereas the EX method, owing to its computational intensity, is less practical for handling extensive datasets.”

May combine two claims.

The strategic allocation of flexibility power can effectively address voltage issues and significantly improve system flexibility, particularly when discharge control is considered.

“The analysis of OV and UV scenarios demonstrates that the strategic allocation of flexibility power can effectively address voltage issues and significantly improve system flexibility, particularly when discharge control is considered.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Connecting tie switches in a meshed grid generally improves the voltage profile by providing multiple power paths.

“Connecting tie switches in a meshed grid generally improves the voltage profile by providing multiple power paths [34].”

• cites [34] Dheer, 2018, Effect of reconfiguration and meshed networks on the small-signal stability margin of droop-based islanded microgrids, IEEE Trans Ind Appl sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

This study deals with static profiles focused exclusively on EVs as the flexibility resource.

“First, this study deals with static profiles focused exclusively on EVs as the flexibility resource.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The analysis considered deterministic profiles for PV and load, which does not account for real-world forecast errors and stochastic fluctuations.

“Second, the analysis considered deterministic profiles for PV and load, which does not account for real-world forecast errors and stochastic fluctuations.”

May combine two claims.

The resolution rate could be improved if EV users relax their departure SOC requirements or if more EVs participate, increasing total available flexibility.

“Nevertheless, the resolution rate could be improved if EV users relax their departure SOC requirements or if more EVs participate, increasing the total available flexibility.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The EX method is a brute-force search that guarantees the true optimal solution by systematically evaluating every possible allocation.

“The EX method serves as a benchmark, representing a brute-force search that guarantees the true optimal solution by systematically evaluating every possible allocation.”