Recovery of standing balance and functional mobility after stroke11No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

Garland, S.Jayne; Willems, Deborah A; Ivanova, Tanya D; Miller, Kimberly J

doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2003.03.002

Cited by 146Stroke Rehabilitation and RecoveryBalance, Gait, and Falls PreventionDysphagia Assessment and Management

Recovery of standing balance and functional mobility after stroke11No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

Garland, S.Jayne, Willems, Deborah A, Ivanova, Tanya D, Miller, Kimberly J·2003·Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

DOI 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.03.002

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective To examine the extent to which recovery of functional balance and mobility is accompanied by change in a few specific physiologic measures of postural control.Design Longitudinal prospective study.Setting Laboratory setting in Ontario.Participants Twenty-seven volunteers (age, 64.2+/-13.7y) undergoing 4 weeks of rehabilitation after stroke participated. At initial testing, patients were 32.7+/-18.4 days poststroke and exhibited a moderate level of motor recovery (lower-extremity and postural control, stages 3-4 on the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment Impairment Inventory).Interventions Not applicable.Main outcome measures Three functional measures (Berg Balance Scale, Clinical Outcome Variables Scale, gait speed) were assessed. Three physiologic measures (electromyographic data of hamstrings and soleus muscles bilaterally, postural sway, arm acceleration) were taken while subjects stood quietly on a force platform and while they performed a rapid shoulder flexion movement of the nonparetic upper extremity.Results After 1 month of rehabilitation, there was an overall significant improvement in all outcome measures (functional, physiologic). However, 10 patients failed to show any improvement in the electromyographic activation of hamstrings muscle on the paretic side in response to the rapid arm movement. These patients compensated by increasing the anticipatory activation of the nonparetic hamstrings.Conclusion After stroke, patients showed improvement in both physiologic and functional measures of balance and mobility over a 1-month period. We have identified some patients who may be using compensatory strategies to increase function. The factors that may predict those patients who are likely to use compensatory strategies awaits further study.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.03.002

Cites

27 of 27 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Recovery of functional balance can be accompanied with significant anticipatory changes on the nonparetic side.
“Instead, recovery of functional balance can be accompanied with significant anticipatory changes on the nonparetic side.75”
From The Effectiveness of the Bobath Concept in Stroke Rehabilitation: What is the Evidence? (2009) · cites this paper as [75]

Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument
Berg, K. (1989) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/ptc.41.6.304 · Cited by 2,746 · see citing works
The Balance Scale: reliability assessment with elderly residents and patients with an acute stroke
Berg, K., Wood-Dauphinée, S., & Williams, J. (1995) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/1650197719952736 · Cited by 1,636 · see citing works
Clinical Gait Assessment in the Neurologically Impaired
Holden, M. K., Gill, K. M., Magliozzi, M. R., Nathan, J., & Piehl-Baker, L. (1984) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/64.1.35 · Cited by 1,499 · see citing works
Measuring physical impairment and disability with the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment.
Gowland, C. A., Stratford, P. W., Ward, M., Moreland, J. D., Torresin, W., Hullenaar, S. V., Sanford, J., Barreca, S. R., Vanspall, B., & Plews, N. (1993) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.24.1.58 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Force platform measures for evaluating postural control: reliability and validity.
Goldie, P. A., Bach, T. M., & Evans, O. M. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Postural sway biofeedback: its effect on reestablishing stance stability in hemiplegic patients.
Shumway-Cook, A., Anson, D. K., & Haller, S. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 451 · see citing works
The effects of movement velocity, mass displaced, and task certainty on associated postural adjustments made by normal and hemiplegic individuals.
Horak, F. B., Esselman, P. C., Anderson, M. E., & Lynch, M. (1984) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.47.9.1020 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Responsiveness and predictability of gait speed and other disability measures in acute stroke
Salbach, N. M., Mayo, N. E., Higgins, J., Ahmed, S., Finch, L. E., & Richards, C. L. (2001) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.24907 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Relationships among walking performance, postural stability, and functional assessments of the hemiplegic patient.
Ma, D., Linder, M. T., & Sb, S. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Detecting change in patients with stroke using the Berg Balance Scale
Stevenson, T. J. (2001) · Australian Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0004-9514(14)60296-8 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Effects of arm acceleration and behavioral conditions on the organization of postural adjustments during arm flexion
Lee, W. A., Buchanan, T. S., & Rogers, M. W. (1987) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00243303 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Standing balance training: effect on balance and locomotion in hemiparetic adults.
Winstein, C., Gardner, E. R., McNeal, D. R., Barto, P. S., & De, N. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Intrasubject Variability of Selected Force-Platform Parameters in the Quantification of Postural Control
Geurts, A. C. H., Nienhuis, B., & Mulder, T. W. (1993) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(23)00004-7 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Balance and mobility outcomes for stroke patients: a comprehensive audit
Hill, K., Ellis, P., Bernhardt, J. A., Maggs, P., & Hull, S. (1997) · Australian Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0004-9514(14)60408-6 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
A review of stroke rehabilitation and physiotherapy.
Ernst, E. (1990) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.21.7.1081 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
A PROSPECTIVE TRIAL OF SERIAL GAIT SPEED AS A MEASURE OF REHABILITATION IN THE ELDERLY
FRIEDMAN, P., Richmond, D., & BASKETT, J. J. (1988) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/17.4.227 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Unpacking the black box of therapy – a pilot study to describe occupational therapy and physiotherapy interventions for people with stroke
Ballinger, C., Ashburn, A., Low, J., & Roderick, P. J. (1999) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1191/026921599673198490 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Patterns of Rapid Motor Responses During Postural Adjustments When Standing in Healthy Subjects and Hemiplegic Patients
Badke, M. B., & Duncan, P. W. (1983) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/63.1.13 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Postural responses to unilateral arm perturbation in young, elderly, and hemiplegic subjects
Garland, S. J., Stevenson, T. J., & Ivanova, T. D. (1997) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(97)90130-1 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citation
Standing balance during internally produced perturbations in subjects with hemiplegia: Validation of the balance scale
Stevenson, T. J., & Garland, S. J. (1996) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90004-0 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citation
Adapting human postural reflexes following localized cerebrovascular lesion: Analysis of bilateral long latency responses
Di Fabio, R. P., Badke, M. B., & Duncan, P. W. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)91010-3 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Changing patterns of postural hip muscle activity during recovery from stroke
Kirker, S. G., Jenner, J. R., Simpson, D. S., & Wing, A. M. (2000) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1191/0269215500cr370oa · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Restoration of standing, weight-shift and gait by multichannel electrical stimulation in hemiparetic patients
Maležič, M., Hesse, S., SCHEWE, H., & Mauritz, K.-H. (1994) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/00004356-199406000-00007 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
An overhead harness and trolly system for balance and ambulation assessment and training.
Harburn, K. L., Hill, K. M., Kramer, J. F., Noh, S., Vandervoort, A. A., & Matheson, J. E. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Comparison of balance responses to an external perturbation test, with and without an overhead harness safety system
Hill, K., Harburn, K. L., Kramer, J. F., Noh, S., Vandervoort, A. A., & Matheson, J. E. (1994) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/0966-6362(94)90014-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
New quantitative and qualitative measures on functional mobility prediction for stroke patients
Lee, M.-T., Wong, M., Tang, F., Cheng, P.-T., Chiou, W., & Lin, P.-S. (1998) · Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology · doi:10.3109/03091909809009994 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Adaptive Motor Behaviour in Response to Perturbations of Balance
Shepherd, R. B. (1992) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.3109/09593989209108093 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Balance Disability After Stroke
Tyson, S. F., Hanley, M., Chillala, J., Selley, A. B., & Tallis, R. C. (2006) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/86.1.30 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
A review of standing balance recovery from stroke
Geurts, A. C. H., de Haart, M., van Nes, I. J. W., & Duysens, J. (2004) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.10.002 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of the Bobath Concept in Stroke Rehabilitation: What is the Evidence?
Kollen, B. J., Lennon, S., Lyons, B., Wheatley-Smith, L., Scheper, M., Buurke, J. H., Halfens, J., Geurts, A. C. H., & Kwakkel, G. (2009) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.108.533828 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Predicting Improvement in Gait After Stroke: A Longitudinal Prospective Study
Kollen, B., van de Port, I., Lindeman, E., Twisk, J., & Kwakkel, G. (2005) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000190839.29234.50 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Susceptibility to Deterioration of Mobility Long-Term After Stroke
van de Port, I. G. L., Kwakkel, G., van Wijk, I., & Lindeman, E. (2005) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000195180.69904.f2 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Balance control in hemiparetic stroke patients: main tools for evaluation.
de Oliveira, C. B., de Medeiros, Í. R. T., Frota, N. A. F., Greters, M. E., & Conforto, A. B. (2008) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2007.09.0150 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Long-Term Effects of 6-Week Whole-Body Vibration on Balance Recovery and Activities of Daily Living in the Postacute Phase of Stroke
van Nes, I. J. W., Latour, H., Schils, F., Meijer, R., van Kuijk, A. A., & Geurts, A. C. H. (2006) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000236494.62957.f3 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Effects of Exercise Training Programs on Walking Competency After Stroke
van de Port, I. G. L., Wood-Dauphinée, S., Lindeman, E., & Kwakkel, G. (2007) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0b013e31802ee464 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
EFFECTS OF VISUAL FEEDBACK THERAPY ON POSTURAL CONTROL IN BILATERAL STANDING AFTER STROKE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Van Peppen, R., Kortsmit, M., Lindeman, E., & Kwakkel, G. (2006) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1080/16501970500344902 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Short-Term Effects of Whole-Body Vibration on Postural Control in Unilateral Chronic Stroke Patients
van Nes, I. J. W., Geurts, A. C. H., Hendricks, H. T., & Duysens, J. (2004) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.phm.0000140801.23135.09 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Cortical changes underlying balance recovery in patients with hemiplegic stroke
Fujimoto, H., Mihara, M., Hattori, N., Hatakenaka, M., Kawano, T., Yagura, H., Miyai, I., & Mochizuki, H. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.014 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Muscle Activation Patterns and Postural Control Following Stroke
Garland, S. J., Gray, V. L., & Knorr, S. (2009) · Motor Control · doi:10.1123/mcj.13.4.387 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citation
Disentangling the contribution of the paretic and non-paretic ankle to balance control in stroke patients
VANASSELDONK, E., BUURKE, J., BLOEM, B., RENZENBRINK, G., NENE, A., VANDERHELM, F., & VANDERKOOIJ, H. (2006) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.04.036 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Outcome measures to assess walking ability following stroke: a systematic review of the literature
Mudge, S., & Stott, N. S. (2007) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2006.12.010 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Berg Balance Scale in a Community-dwelling Elderly Resident Population in Taiwan
Wang, C.-Y., Hsieh, C., Olson, S. L., Wang, C.-H., Sheu, C., & Liang, C. (2006) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60283-7 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Ankle-foot orthoses in stroke: Effects on functional balance, weight-bearing asymmetry and the contribution of each lower limb to balance control
Simons, C. D. M., van Asseldonk, E. H. F., van der Kooij, H., Geurts, A. C. H., & Buurke, J. H. (2009) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2009.07.006 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Evaluation of Postural Control in Quiet Standing Using Center of Mass Acceleration: Comparison Among the Young, the Elderly, and People With Stroke
Yu, E., Abe, M., Masani, K., Kawashima, N., Eto, F., Haga, N., & Nakazawa, K. (2008) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.10.047 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Gait speed is a responsive measure of physical performance for patients undergoing short-term rehabilitation
Barthuly, A. M., Bohannon, R. W., & Gorack, W. (2012) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.01.002 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Post-stroke motor and functional evaluations: a clinical correlation using Fugl-Meyer assessment scale, Berg balance scale and Barthel index
Cacho, R. D. O., Cacho, Ê. W. A., & BORGES, G. A. (2006) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2006000500006 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Dynamic Stability and Trunk Control Improvements Following Robotic Balance and Core Stability Training in Chronic Stroke Survivors: A Pilot Study
Luca, A. D., Squeri, V., Barone, L., Vernetti, H., Ricci, S., Pisu, I., Cassiano, C., Capra, C., Lentino, C., Michieli, L. D., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00494 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Recovery of Standing Balance and Health-Related Quality of Life After Mild or Moderately Severe Stroke
Garland, S. J., Ivanova, T. D., & Mochizuki, G. (2007) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.11.023 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of virtual reality-based motor rehabilitation: a systematic review of fMRI studies
Feitosa, J. A., Fernandes, C. A., Casseb, R. F., & Castellano, G. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac456e · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Reliability of center of pressure measures within and between sessions in individuals post-stroke and healthy controls
Gray, V. L., Ivanova, T. D., & Garland, S. J. (2014) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.03.191 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of high heeled shoes wearing experience and heel height on human standing balance and functional mobility
Hapsari, V. D., & Xiong, S. (2015) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2015.1068956 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Energy expenditure of stroke patients during postural control tasks
Houdijk, H., ter Hoeve, N., Nooijen, C. F. J., Rijntjes, D., Tolsma, M., & Lamoth, C. J. C. (2010) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.05.016 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Correlation between clinical assessment and force plate measurement of postural control after stroke
Frykberg, G. E., Lindmark, B., Lanshammar, H., & Borg, J. (2007) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/16501977-0071 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Community reintegration in stroke survivors: Relationship with motor function and depression
Obembe, A. O., Mapayi, B. M., Johnson, O. E., Agunbiade, T., & Emechete, A. (2013) · Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal · doi:10.1016/j.hkpj.2013.04.001 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Robot-assisted gait training effectively improved lateropulsion in subacute stroke patients: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial
Yun, N., Joo, M. C., Kim, S. C., & Kim, M.-S. (2019) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.18.05077-3 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Análise do equilíbrio em pacientes hemiparéticos após o treino com o programa Wii Fit
Barcala, L., Antonialli, F. C., Araujo, M. C., Salgado, A. S. I., & Oliveira, C. S. (2011) · Fisioterapia em Movimento · doi:10.1590/s0103-51502011000200015 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Between-day reliability of centre of pressure measures for balance assessment in hemiplegic stroke patients
Gasq, D., Labrunée, M., Amarantini, D., Dupui, P., Montoya, R., & Marqué, P. (2014) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-11-39 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Clinical implementation of a reactive balance control assessment in a sub-acute stroke patient population using a ‘lean-and-release’ methodology
Inness, E. L., Mansfield, A., Biasin, L., Brunton, K., Bayley, M. T., & McIlroy, W. E. (2014) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.12.005 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Parkinson's disease patients compensate for balance control asymmetry
Boonstra, T. A., Schouten, A. C., van Vugt, J. P. P., Bloem, B. R., & van der Kooij, H. (2014) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00813.2013 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Right cerebral hemisphere specialization for quiet and perturbed body balance control: Evidence from unilateral stroke
Fernandes, C. A., Coelho, D. B., Martinelli, A., & Teixeira, L. A. (2017) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2017.09.015 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Spatial-Temporal Gait Variability Poststroke: Variations in Measurement and Implications for Measuring Change
Chisholm, A. E., Makepeace, S., Inness, E. L., Perry, S. D., McIlroy, W. E., & Mansfield, A. (2014) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2014.02.014 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Arm training in standing also improves postural control in participants with chronic stroke
Waller, S. M., & Prettyman, M. G. (2012) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.03.025 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Biomechanic Modeling of Sit-to-Stand to Upright Posture for Mobility Assessment of Persons With Chronic Stroke
Mazzà, C., Stanhope, S. J., Taviani, A., & Cappozzo, A. (2006) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2005.12.037 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Impaired posture, movement preparation, and execution during both paretic and nonparetic reaching following stroke
Yang, C.-L., Creath, R. A., Magder, L. S., Rogers, M. W., & Waller, S. M. (2019) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00694.2018 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Towards integrative neurorehabilitation science
Kwakkel, G. (2009) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.446 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Is Visuospatial Hemineglect Longitudinally Associated with Postural Imbalance in the Postacute Phase of Stroke?
van Nes, I. J. W., van Kessel, M. E., Schils, F., Fasotti, L., Geurts, A. C. H., & Kwakkel, G. (2009) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968309336148 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Retraining Postural Responses With Exercises Emphasizing Speed Poststroke
Gray, V. L., Juren, L. M., Ivanova, T. D., & Garland, S. J. (2012) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20110432 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychometric properties of the modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile in stroke patients
Liaw, L.-J., Hsieh, C., Lo, S. K., Lee, S., Huang, M., & Lin, J. (2006) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1191/0269215506cr950oa · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Impaired motor preparation and execution during standing reach in people with chronic stroke.
Waller, S. M., Yang, C.-L., Magder, L., Yungher, D. A., Gray, V. L., & Rogers, M. W. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.010 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mixture-Model Clustering of Pathological Gait Patterns
Dolatabadi, E., Mansfield, A., Patterson, K. K., Taati, B., & Mihailidis, A. (2016) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2016.2633000 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Balance and Stability–Focused Exercise Program Improves Stability and Balance in Patients After Acute Stroke in a Resource‐poor Setting
Puckree, T., & Naidoo, P. (2014) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.06.008 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Gait Speed Is Limited but Improves Over the Course of Acute Care Physical Therapy
Braden, H. J., Hilgenberg, S., Bohannon, R. W., Ko, M.-S., & Hasson, S. (2012) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/jpt.0b013e31824baa1e · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Right in Comparison to Left Cerebral Hemisphere Damage by Stroke Induces Poorer Muscular Responses to Stance Perturbation Regardless of Visual Information
Coelho, D. B., Fernandes, C. A., Martinelli, A., & Teixeira, L. A. (2019) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.12.021 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Control of fast squatting movements after stroke
Gray, V. L., Ivanova, T. D., & Garland, S. J. (2011) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2011.07.003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Reliability and Validity of a Wearable Sensing System and Online Gait Analysis Report in Persons after Stroke
Schwarz, A., Husain, A. A., Einaudi, L., Thürlimann, E., Läderach, J., Easthope, C. A., Held, J. P. O., & Luft, A. R. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23020624 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Relation between physical exertion and postural stability in hemiparetic participants secondary to stroke
Carver, T. E., Nadeau, S. M., & Leroux, A. (2011) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.02.001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Daytime physical activity at admission is associated with improvement of gait independence 1 month later in people with subacute stroke: a longitudinal study
Shimizu, N., Hashidate, H., Ota, T., & Yatsunami, M. (2019) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10749357.2019.1649916 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A Retrospective Analysis of Post-Stroke Berg Balance Scale Scores: How Should Normal and At-Risk Scores Be Interpreted?
Patterson, K. K., Inness, E. L., McIlroy, W. E., & Mansfield, A. (2016) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/ptc.2015-73 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Impaired ability to shift weight onto the non-paretic leg in right-cortical brain-damaged patients
Ishii, F., Matsukawa, N., Horiba, M., Yamanaka, T., Hattori, M., Wada, I., & Ojika, K. (2010) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2010.02.006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Personalized Self-Management Rehabilitation System for Stroke Survivors: A Quantitative Gait Analysis Using a Smart Insole
Davies, R. J., Parker, J., McCullagh, P. J., Zheng, H., Nugent, C., Black, N. D., & Mawson, S. (2016) · JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies · doi:10.2196/rehab.5449 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Incorporating Research Technology into the Clinical Assessment of Balance and Mobility: Perspectives of Physiotherapists and People with Stroke
Pak, P., Jawed, H., Tirone, C., Lamb, B. M., Cott, C. A., Brunton, K., Mansfield, A., & Inness, E. L. (2015) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/ptc.2013-63 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Correlation between Dynamic Balance Measures and Stance Sub-phase COP Displacement Time in Older Adults during Obstacle Crossing
Park, S., Ko, Y.-M., & Park, J. (2013) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.25.1193 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Comparison of the electromyographic activity of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius in stroke patients and healthy subjects during squat exercise
Lee, D. K., Kim, J., Kim, T.-H., & Oh, J. (2015) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.27.247 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Reactive Stepping After Stroke: Determinants of Time to Foot Off in the Paretic and Nonparetic Limb
Inness, E. L., Mansfield, A., Bayley, M. T., & McIlroy, W. E. (2016) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000132 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for preventing quadriceps muscle wasting in patients with moderate or severe acute stroke: A pilot study
Nozoe, M., Kanai, M., Kubo, H., Takeuchi, Y., Kobayashi, M., Yamamoto, M., Furuichi, A., Yamazaki, M., Shimada, S., & Mase, K. (2017) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-171466 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Whole-Body Reaching as a Measure of Dynamic Balance in Patients with Stroke
Chern, J.-S., Yang, S.-W., & Wu, C. (2006) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.phm.0000200357.98448.d7 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The effect of global postural reeducation technique in a hemiparetic stroke patient
Gomes, B. M., Nardoni, G. C. G., Lopes, P. G., & de Godoy, E. (2006) · Acta Fisiátrica · doi:10.5935/0104-7795.20060001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Between-day reliability of triceps surae responses to standing perturbations in people post-stroke and healthy controls: A high-density surface EMG investigation
Gallina, A., Pollock, C. L., Vieira, T., Ivanova, T. D., & Garland, S. J. (2015) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.11.015 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
Directionally Specific Objective Postural Response Assessment Tool for Treatment Evaluation in Stroke Patients
Cikajlo, I., & Matjačić, Z. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2008.2010477 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The ABLE Scale: The Development and Psychometric Properties of an Outcome Measure for the Spinal Cord Injury Population
Ardolino, E., Hutchinson, K. J., Zipp, G. P., Clark, M., & Harkema, S. J. (2012) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20110257 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Thigh muscle function in stroke patients revealed by velocity‐encoded cine phase‐contrast magnetic resonance imaging
Wen, H., Dou, Z., Finni, T. J., Havu, M., Kang, Z., Cheng, S., Sipilä, S., Sinha, S., Usenius, J., & Cheng, S. (2008) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.20986 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Prediction of Factors Affecting Mobility in Patients with Stroke and Finding the Mediation Effect of Balance on Mobility: A Cross-Sectional Study
Khan, F. R., Abusharha, S., Alfuraidy, A., Nimatallah, K. A., Almalki, R., Basaffar, R., Mirdad, M. K., Chevidikunnan, M. F., & Basuodan, R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416612 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effect of foot position during sit-to-stand training on balance and upright mobility in patients with chronic stroke
Farqalit, R., & Anwer, S. (2013) · Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal · doi:10.1016/j.hkpj.2013.06.001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effects of plantar hardness discrimination training on standing postural balance in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial
Morioka, S., Hiyamizu, M., Fukumoto, T., 片岡, 保., & Yagi, F. (2009) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215508101731 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Evaluation of postural instability in stroke patient during quiet standing
Wang, W., Li, K., Wei, N., Yin, C., & Yue, S. (2017) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2017.8037370 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Analysis of center of mass acceleration and muscle activation in hemiplegic paralysis during quiet standing
Wang, W., Xiao, Y., Yue, S., Wei, N., & Li, K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226944 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Task-oriented training and lower limb strengthening to improve balance and function after stroke: A pilot study
Fernandes, B., Ferreira, M. J., Batista, F., Evangelista, I., Prates, L., & Silveira-Sérgio, J. (2015) · European Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.3109/21679169.2015.1028102 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Understanding the mechanisms underlying recovery after stroke
Kwakkel, G., Buma, F. E., & Selzer, M. E. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511995590.004 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Could Self-Control and Emotion Influence Physical Ability and Functional Recovery after Stroke?
Choe, Y.-W., & Kim, M.-K. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57101042 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A new methodology based on functional principal component analysis to study postural stability post-stroke
Sánchez-Sánchez, M. L., Lois, J. M. B., Horno, S. M.-D., Viosca-Herrero, E., Camacho, C. I., & Morant, B. G. (2018) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.05.003 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Influence of mobility restrictions on post‐stroke pain
Efkere, P. A., Bērziņa, G., & Sunnerhagen, K. S. (2021) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2092 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Is the Recovery of Functional Balance and Mobility Accompanied by Physiological Recovery in People With Severe Impairments After Stroke?
Peters, S., Ivanova, T. D., Teasell, R. W., & Garland, S. J. (2014) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968314526644 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Time Course and Mechanisms Underlying Standing Balance Recovery Early After Stroke: Design of a Prospective Cohort Study With Repeated Measurements
Schröder, J., Saeys, W., Yperzeele, L., Kwakkel, G., & Truijen, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.781416 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Temozolomide induced liver injury.
Dixit, S., Hingorani, M., Afzal, P., & Campbell, A. P. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Recovery of Quiet Standing Balance and Lower Limb Motor Impairment Early Poststroke: How Are They Related?
Schröder, J., Saeys, W., Embrechts, E., Hallemans, A., Yperzeele, L., Truijen, S., & Kwakkel, G. (2023) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/15459683231186983 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects of Standing on One Leg Exercise on Gait and Balance of Hemiplegia Patients
You, Y.-Y., Her, J.-G., Ko, T., Chung, S. H., & Kim, H. (2012) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.24.571 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects of sling exercise on postural sway in post-stroke patients
Lee, J. Y., Kim, S. Y., Yu, J. S., Kim, D. G., & Kang, E. K. (2017) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.29.1368 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Training-Induced Muscle Fatigue with a Powered Lower-Limb Exoskeleton: A Preliminary Study on Healthy Subjects
Baptista, R., Salvaggio, F., Cavallo, C., Pizzocaro, S., Galasso, S., Schmid, M., & Nunzio, A. M. D. (2022) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci10040055 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Correlation between balance, speed, and walking ability in individuals with chronic hemiparesis
Britto, H. M. J. D. S., Mendes, L. D. A., Moreno, C., Silva, E. M. G. D. S. E., & Lindquist, A. R. R. (2016) · Fisioterapia em Movimento · doi:10.1590/0103-5150.029.001.ao09 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Clinical evaluation of balance in hemiparetic adults: a systematic review
Bambirra, C., Rodrigues, M. C. D. B., Faria, C. D. C. D. M., & de Paula, F. R. (2015) · Fisioterapia em Movimento · doi:10.1590/0103-5150.028.001.ar03 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Immediate Effects of Arm Reaching Training in Standing on Postural Control Differ between Right and Left Stroke Individuals
Garbus, R. B. D. S. C., Prado‐Rico, J. M., Nardini, A. G., & de Freitas, S. M. S. F. (2021) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105984 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A single session of open kinetic chain movements emphasizing speed improves speed of movement and modifies postural control in stroke
Gray, V. L., Ivanova, T. D., & Garland, S. J. (2016) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.3109/09593985.2015.1110848 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Activity of Thigh Muscles During Static and Dynamic Stances in Stroke Patients: A Pilot Case-Control Study
Wen, H., Dou, Z., Cheng, S., Qiu, W., Xie, L., & Yang, H. (2014) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1310/tsr2102-163 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Instrumentos de avaliação da função motora para indivíduos com lesão encefálica adquirida
Carvalho, T. B., Relvas, P. C. A., & Rosa, S. F. (1999) · Revista Neurociências · doi:10.34024/rnc.2008.v16.8651 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Morning Walk®-Assisted Gait Training Improves Walking Ability and Balance in Patients with Ataxia: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Jung, C., Kim, D. Y., Kwon, S., Chun, M. H., Kim, J., & Kim, S. H. (2020) · Brain & Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.12786/bn.2020.13.e23 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Effects of Bridge Exercise with Abdominal Drawing-in on Balance in Patients with Stroke
Song, G.-B., & Heo, J.-Y. (2016) · The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy · doi:10.18857/jkpt.2016.28.1.1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Perturbation-Induced Stepping Post-stroke: A Pilot Study Demonstrating Altered Strategies of Both Legs
Martinez, K. M., Rogers, M. W., Blackinton, M. T., Cheng, M. S., & Mille, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00711 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Difference in gait recovery rate of hemiparetic stroke patients according to paralyzed side
Kim, C.-H., Chu, H., Kang, G., Sung, K.-K., Kang, D. G., Lee, H. S., & Lee, S. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000018023 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Correlação do déficit de equilíbrio, comprometimento motor e independência funcional em indivíduos hemiparéticos crônicos
de Azevedo, E. R. F. B. M., de Macedo, L. S., Paraízo, M. F. N., Oberg, T. D., Lima, N. M. F. V., & Cacho, Ê. W. A. (2008) · Acta Fisiátrica · doi:10.11606/issn.2317-0190.v15i4a102995 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Reliability and Validity of Turkish Version of The Brief-BESTest in Stroke Patients
Arslan, S. A., Demirci, C. S., Kırmacı, Z. İ. K., Uğurlu, K., & Keskin, D. (2020) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10749357.2020.1841424 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Evaluation of balance functions using temporo-spatial gait analysis parameters in patients with brain lesions
Lee, B. J., Joo, N.-Y., Kim, S. H., Kim, C. R., Yang, D., & Park, D. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82358-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Effect of Whole-Body Vibration on Neuromuscular Activation of Leg Muscles During Dynamic Exercises in Individuals With Stroke
Liao, L.-R., & Pang, M. Y. C. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001761 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Biorretroalimentação para treinamento do equilíbrio em hemiparéticos por acidente vascular encefálico: estudo preliminar
Soares, A. V., Hochmüller, A. C. O. D. L., da Silva, P. B., Fronza, D., Woellner, S. S., & Noveletto, F. (2009) · Fisioterapia e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/s1809-29502009000200007 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Symmetry of cortical planning for initiating stepping in sub-acute stroke.
Peters, S., Ivanova, T., Lakhani, B., Boyd, L., Staines, W. R., Handy, T., & Garland, S. (2018) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2018.01.018 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Towards evidence-based physiotherapy for patients with stroke
van Peppen, R. P. S. (2008) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Balance function in critical illness survivors and evaluation of psychometric properties of the Mini-BESTest
Egger, M., Finsterhölzl, M., Buetikofer, A., Wippenbeck, F., Müller, F., Jahn, K., & Bergmann, J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61745-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Effects of Balance Exercise on an Unstable Platform and a Stable Platform on Static Balance
Kim, N. J., Yoo, K. T., An, H. J., Shin, H. J., Koo, J. P., Kim, B. K., Kim, H. R., & Choi, J. (2014) · Journal of international academy of physical therapy research · doi:10.5854/jiaptr.2014.03.31.641 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Is the Recovery of Functional Balance and Mobility Accompanied by Physiological Recovery in People With Severe Impairments After Stroke?
Peters, S., Ivanova, T. D., Teasell, R. W., & Garland, S. J. (2014) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968314526644 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Recovery of Standing Balance and Health-Related Quality of Life After Mild or Moderately Severe Stroke
Garland, S. J., Ivanova, T. D., & Mochizuki, G. (2007) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.11.023 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citation
Balance and gait rehabilitation in stroke survivors: An analytical review of functional mobility and postural control
Sharma, D. M., Kumar, J., Sharma, D. N., & Sharma, A. K. (2026) · International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research · doi:10.66856/ijasr.2026.11.4.11084
Clinician's Commentary on Patterson et al.
Peters, S. (2017) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/ptc.2015-73-cc
COMPARISON OF BALANCE RESPONSES AND MOTOR PATTERNS DURING SIT-TO-STAND TASK WITH FUNCTIONAL MOBILITY IN STROKE PATIENTS1
Lee, M.-T., Wong, M., Tang, F., Cheng, P.-T., & Lin, P.-S. (1997) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00002060-199709000-00011 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Authors: Garland, S. J., Willems, D. A., Ivanova, T. D., & Miller, K. J.
Affiliations: Western University (CA)
London Health Sciences Centre (CA)
Corresponding author: Garland, S.Jayne
ORCID: Garland, S.Jayne
Ivanova, Tanya D
Miller, Kimberly J
Venue: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-12
Volume: 84
Issue: 12
Pages: 1753-1759
ISSN: 0003-9993 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.03.002
OpenAlex: W1966055130
Cited by: 146
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 5.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Dysphagia Assessment and Management
Keywords: stroke, postural control, balance recovery, functional mobility, walking speed, electromyography, anticipatory postural adjustments, compensatory strategies, postural sway, stroke rehabilitation, paretic side
MeSH terms: Stroke Rehabilitation, Aged, Electromyography, Postural Balance, Female, Gait, Humans, Leg, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Movement, Paresis, Posture, Prospective Studies, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Muscle, Skeletal, Recovery of Function, Stroke

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Recovery of standing balance and functional mobility after stroke11No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks