An experimental analysis on thermal runaway and its propagation in Cell-to-Pack lithium-ion batteries

A review of lithium ion battery failure mechanisms and fire prevention strategies

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Mitigating Thermal Runaway of Lithium-Ion Batteries

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Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review

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Safety focused modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review

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Investigating the thermal runaway mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries based on thermal analysis database

Feng, X., Zheng, S., Ren, D., He, X., Wang, L., Cui, H., Liu, X., Jin, C., Zhang, F., Xu, C., et al. (2019) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.009 · Cited by 780 · see citing works

Investigating the relationship between internal short circuit and thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries under thermal abuse condition

Ren, D., Feng, X., Liu, L., Hsu, H., Lu, L., Wang, L., He, X., & Ouyang, M. (2020) · Energy storage materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2020.10.020 · Cited by 707 · see citing works

A comparative investigation of aging effects on thermal runaway behavior of lithium-ion batteries

Ren, D., Hsu, H., Li, R., Feng, X., Guo, D., Han, X., Lu, L., He, X., Gao, S., Hou, J., et al. (2019) · eTransportation · doi:10.1016/j.etran.2019.100034 · Cited by 493 · see citing works

Preventing thermal runaway propagation in lithium ion battery packs using a phase change composite material: An experimental study

Wilke, S. K., Schweitzer, B., Khateeb, S. A., & Al‐Hallaj, S. (2016) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.11.018 · Cited by 474 · see citing works

A 3D thermal runaway propagation model for a large format lithium ion battery module

Feng, X., Lu, L., Ouyang, M., Li, J., & He, X. (2016) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.094 · Cited by 470 · see citing works

Thermal runaway propagation model for designing a safer battery pack with 25 Ah LiNi Co Mn O2 large format lithium ion battery

Feng, X., He, X., Ouyang, M., Lu, L., Wu, P., Kulp, C., & Prasser, S. (2015) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.04.118 · Cited by 468 · see citing works

Experimental Analysis of Thermal Runaway and Propagation in Lithium-Ion Battery Modules

Lopez, C. F., Jeevarajan, J. A., & Mukherjee, P. P. (2015) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0921509jes · Cited by 390 · see citing works

Mitigation strategies for Li-ion battery thermal runaway: A review

Xu, B. S., Lee, J., Kwon, D., Kong, L., & PECHT, M. G. (2021) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111437 · Cited by 379 · see citing works

Explosion hazards from lithium-ion battery vent gas

Baird, A. R., Archibald, E., Marr, K. C., & Ezekoye, O. A. (2019) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227257 · Cited by 361 · see citing works

Experimental investigation on the thermal runaway and its propagation in the large format battery module with Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 as cathode

Li, H., Duan, Q., Zhao, C., Huang, Z., & Wang, Q. (2019) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.116 · Cited by 340 · see citing works

Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium-ion battery with LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cathode materials

Li, Y., Liu, X., Wang, L., Feng, X., Ren, D., Wu, Y., Xu, G., Lu, L., Hou, J., Zhang, W., et al. (2021) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105878 · Cited by 319 · see citing works

The Application of Data-Driven Methods and Physics-Based Learning for Improving Battery Safety

Finegan, D. P., Zhu, J., Feng, X., Keyser, M. A., Ulmefors, M., Li, W., Bazant, M. Z., & Cooper, S. J. (2020) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2020.11.018 · Cited by 305 · see citing works

Avoiding thermal runaway propagation of lithium-ion battery modules by using hybrid phase change material and liquid cooling

Zhang, W., Liang, Z., Yin, X., & Ling, G. (2020) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116380 · Cited by 267 · see citing works

Thermal runaway and fire behaviors of large-scale lithium ion batteries with different heating methods

Wang, Z., Yang, H. X., Li, Y., Guo, W., & Wang, J. (2019) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.06.007 · Cited by 226 · see citing works

Unlocking the self-supported thermal runaway of high-energy lithium-ion batteries

Hou, J., Feng, X., Wang, L., Liu, X., Ohma, A., Lu, L., Ren, D., Huang, W., Li, Y., Yi, M., et al. (2021) · Energy storage materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2021.04.035 · Cited by 223 · see citing works

Detection of Li-ion battery failure and venting with Carbon Dioxide sensors

Cai, T., Valecha, P., Tran, V., Engle, B., Stefanopoulou, A. G., & Siegel, J. B. (2020) · eTransportation · doi:10.1016/j.etran.2020.100100 · Cited by 220 · see citing works

Experimental investigation on thermal runaway propagation of large format lithium ion battery modules with two cathodes

Huang, Z., Li, X., Wang, Q., Duan, Q., Li, Y., Li, L., & Wang, Q. (2021) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121077 · Cited by 209 · see citing works

Modeling cell venting and gas-phase reactions in 18650 lithium ion batteries during thermal runaway

Kim, J., Mallarapu, A., Finegan, D. P., & Santhanagopalan, S. (2021) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229496 · Cited by 208 · see citing works

Experimental study on thermal runaway and fire behaviors of large format lithium iron phosphate battery

Liu, P., Li, Y., Mao, B., Chen, M., Huang, Z., & Wang, Q. (2021) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116949 · Cited by 202 · see citing works

Model and experiments to investigate thermal runaway characterization of lithium-ion batteries induced by external heating method

Jin, C., Sun, Y., Wang, H., Lai, X., Wang, S., Chen, S., Rui, X., Zheng, Y., Feng, X., Wang, H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230065 · Cited by 174 · see citing works

Thermal-responsive, super-strong, ultrathin firewalls for quenching thermal runaway in high-energy battery modules

Li, L., Xu, C., Chang, R., Yang, C., Jia, C., Wang, L., Song, J., Li, Z., Zhang, F., Fang, B., et al. (2021) · Energy storage materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2021.05.018 · Cited by 174 · see citing works

Simulating onset and evolution of thermal runaway in Li-ion cells using a coupled thermal and venting model

Ostanek, J. K., Li, W., Mukherjee, P. P., Crompton, K. R., & Hacker, C. (2020) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114972 · Cited by 172 · see citing works

A comparative analysis on thermal runaway behavior of Li (Ni Co Mn ) O2 battery with different nickel contents at cell and module level

Wang, H., Du, Z., Rui, X., Wang, S., Jin, C., He, L., Zhang, F., Wang, Q., & Feng, X. (2020) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122361 · Cited by 167 · see citing works

Quantitative identification of emissions from abused prismatic Ni-rich lithium-ion batteries

Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Li, W., & Li, C. (2019) · eTransportation · doi:10.1016/j.etran.2019.100031 · Cited by 164 · see citing works

Explosion characteristics for Li-ion battery electrolytes at elevated temperatures

Henriksen, M., Vaagsaether, K., Lundberg, J., Forseth, S., & Bjerketvedt, D. K. (2019) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.108 · Cited by 148 · see citing works

Decoupling of heat generated from ejected and non-ejected contents of 18650-format lithium-ion cells using statistical methods

Walker, W. Q., Darst, J. J., Finegan, D. P., Bayles, G. A., Johnson, K. L., Darcy, E. C., & Rickman, S. L. (2019) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.10.099 · Cited by 141 · see citing works

Experimental study on thermal runaway propagation of lithium-ion battery modules with different parallel-series hybrid connections

Xu, C., Zhang, F., Feng, X., Jiang, F., Ren, D., Lu, L., Yang, Y., Liu, G., Han, X., Frieß, B., et al. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124749 · Cited by 137 · see citing works

Energy distributions exhibited during thermal runaway of commercial lithium ion batteries used for human spaceflight applications

Yayathi, S., Walker, W. Q., Doughty, D. H., & Ardebili, H. (2016) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.08.078 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

Thermal runaway front in failure propagation of long-shape lithium-ion battery

Zhang, F., Feng, X., Xu, C., Jiang, F., & Ouyang, M. (2021) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121928 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Thermal runaway characteristics and failure criticality of massive ternary Li-ion battery piles in low-pressure storage and transport

Liu, Y., Niu, H., Li, Z., Liu, J., Xu, C., & Huang, X. (2021) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2021.09.031 · Cited by 95 · see citing works

Modeling and analysis of thermal runaway in Li-ion cell

An, Z., Shah, K., Jia, L., & Ma, Y. (2019) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.113960 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Quantitative analysis on the heat transfer modes in the process of thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion battery pack under confined and semi-confined space

Yan, W. M., Wang, Z., & Chen, S. (2021) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121483 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Effect of mechanical extrusion force on thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries caused by flat heating

Bai, J., Wang, Z., Gao, T., Bai, W., & Wang, J. (2021) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230305 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

Laminar burning velocity of gases vented from failed Li-ion batteries

Henriksen, M., Vaagsaether, K., Lundberg, J., Forseth, S., & Bjerketvedt, D. K. (2021) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230141 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Dynamic thermophysical modeling of thermal runaway propagation and parametric sensitivity analysis for large format lithium-ion battery modules

Wang, H., Liu, B., Xu, C., Jin, C., Li, K., Du, Z., Wang, Q., Ouyang, M., & Feng, X. (2021) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230724 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

A Thermal Runaway Simulation on a Lithium Titanate Battery and the Battery Module

Chen, M., Sun, Q., Li, Y., Wu, K., Liu, B., Peng, P., & Wang, Q. (2015) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en8010490 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Investigation of the Impact of Flow of Vented Gas on Propagation of Thermal Runaway in a Li-Ion Battery Pack

Mishra, D., Shah, K., & Jain, A. (2021) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ac0a20 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

An experimental study on the thermal characteristics of the Cell-To-Pack system

Wang, H., Wang, S., Feng, X., Zhang, X., Dai, K., Sheng, J., Zhao, Z., Du, Z., Zhang, Z., Shen, K., et al. (2021) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.120338 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Prevention of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway using polymer-substrate current collectors

Pham, M., Darst, J. J., Walker, W. Q., Heenan, T. M. M., Patel, D., Iacoviello, F., Rack, A., Olbinado, M. P., Hinds, G., Brett, D. J. L., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports Physical Science · doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100360 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Mitigating overcharge induced thermal runaway of large format lithium ion battery with water mist

Liu, T., Hu, J. P., Tang, Q., Zhu, X., & Wang, X. (2021) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117402 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Multi-Mode Heat Transfer Simulations of the Onset and Propagation of Thermal Runaway in a Pack of Cylindrical Li-Ion Cells

Mishra, D., & Jain, A. (2021) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/abdc7b · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Thermal runaway characteristics of a LiFePO4-based lithium-ion secondary battery using the laser-irradiation method

Shironita, S., Tsuruga, H., Honda, K., Koshika, K., & Umeda, M. (2021) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.102715 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Analysis and Investigation of Thermal Runaway Propagation for a Mechanically Constrained Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell Module

Aiello, L., Hanzu, I., Gstrein, G., Ewert, E., Ellersdorfer, C., & Sinz, W. (2021) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries7030049 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Revealing particle venting of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway: A multi-scale model toward multiphase process

Wang, G., Kong, D., Ping, P., Wen, J. X., He, X., Zhao, H., He, X., Peng, R., Zhang, Y., & Dai, X. (2023) · eTransportation · doi:10.1016/j.etran.2023.100237 · Cited by 235 · see citing works

Thermal runaway propagation behavior and energy flow distribution analysis of 280 Ah LiFePO4 battery

Song, L., Huang, Z., Mei, W., Jia, Z., Yu, Y., Wang, Q., & Jin, K. (2022) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2022.12.082 · Cited by 162 · see citing works

Thermal runaway propagation behavior and gas production characteristics of NCM622 battery modules at different state of charge

Xu, L., Wang, S., Li, Y., Li, Y., Sun, J., Zhao, F., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Xu, C., & Feng, X. (2024) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2024.03.011 · Cited by 134 · see citing works

Advances and challenges in thermal runaway modeling of lithium-ion batteries

Wang, G., Ping, P., Kong, D., Peng, R., He, X., Zhang, Y., Dai, X., & Wen, J. X. (2024) · The Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100624 · Cited by 122 · see citing works

Immersion cooling innovations and critical hurdles in Li-ion battery cooling for future electric vehicles

Wahab, A., Najmi, A.-U.-H., Senobar, H., Amjady, N., Kemper, H., & Khayyam, H. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2024.115268 · Cited by 121 · see citing works

No thermal runaway propagation optimization design of battery arrangement for cell-to-chassis technology

Jin, C., Sun, Y., Yao, J., Feng, X., Lai, X., Shen, K., Wang, H., Rui, X., Xu, C., Zheng, Y., et al. (2022) · eTransportation · doi:10.1016/j.etran.2022.100199 · Cited by 103 · see citing works

Electric Vehicle Battery Supply Chain and Critical Materials: A Brief Survey of State of the Art

Barman, P., Dutta, L., & Azzopardi, B. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16083369 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Preparation of a novel environmental-friendly lithium-ion battery fire suppression microcapsule and its fire extinguishing mechanism in coordination with ABC dry powder

Zhou, G., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, Q., Wei, Z., Li, S., Yang, S., Yuan, S., Fan, T., & Huang, Q. Z. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141438 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Propagation dynamics of the thermal runaway front in large-scale lithium-ion batteries: Theoretical and experiment validation

Feng, X., Zhang, F., Feng, J., Jin, C., Wang, H., Xu, C., & Ouyang, M. (2024) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125393 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Physics-informed machine learning estimation of the temperature of large-format lithium-ion batteries under various operating conditions

Shen, K., Xu, W., Lai, X., Li, D., Meng, X., Zheng, Y., & Feng, X. (2025) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126200 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

The influence of tab overheating on thermal runaway propagation of pouch-type lithium-ion battery module with different tab connections

Lyu, P., Liu, X., Liu, C., & Rao, Z. (2023) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124279 · Cited by 58 · see citing works

A comprehensive investigation of thermal runaway critical temperature and energy for lithium iron phosphate batteries

Song, L., Wang, S., Jia, Z., Li, C., Li, Y., Cheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Yu, Y., Jin, K., Duan, Q., et al. (2024) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.111162 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

A semi reduced-order model for multi-scale simulation of fire propagation of lithium-ion batteries in energy storage system

Wang, G., Ping, P., Peng, R., Lv, H., Zhao, H., Gao, W., & Kong, D. (2023) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.113672 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Effect of thermal impact on the onset and propagation of thermal runaway over cylindrical Li-ion batteries

Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Ding, Y., Huang, X., & Huang, X. (2023) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.119910 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Experimental investigation of the influence of venting gases on thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion batteries with enclosed packaging

Peng, R., Kong, D., Ping, P., Gao, W., Wang, G., Gong, S., Yang, C., Gao, X., & He, X. (2024) · eTransportation · doi:10.1016/j.etran.2024.100388 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Analysis of the aging effects on the thermal runaway characteristics of Lithium-Ion cells through stepwise reactions

Pastor, J. V., García, A., Serrano, J. M., & Golke, D. (2023) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120685 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Early warning of thermal runaway for larger-format lithium iron-phosphate battery by coupling internal pressure and temperature

Cheng, Z., Ju, L., Li, J., Qin, P., Zhao, Z., Mei, W., Bao, H., Jin, K., Meng, X., & Wang, Q. (2025) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125396 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Thermal safety focus and early warning of lithium-ion batteries: A systematic review

Liu, Z., Han, K., Zhang, Q., & Li, M. (2025) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2025.115944 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Experimental study on thermal runaway propagation characteristics of NCM811 lithium-ion batteries with different SOCs induced by dual heat sources

Zhou, G., Yang, S., Liu, Y., Wang, J., Bian, Y., Yu, H., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., & Niu, C. (2023) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2023.107089 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Suppression of thermal runaway induced by thermal abuse in large-capacity lithium-ion batteries with water mist

Hu, J. P., Tang, X., Zhu, X., Liu, T., & Wang, X. (2023) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2023.129669 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Revealing suppression effects of injection location and dose of liquid nitrogen on thermal runaway in lithium iron phosphate battery packs

Wang, Z., Yin, B., Ruan, H., Shi, B., Huang, D., Liu, H., & Li, Z. (2023) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124866 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Compact design of integrated battery thermal management systems enabled by bi-functional heating-cooling plates and temperature-equalizing strategy

Xie, J., Luo, Y., Zhang, G., Mo, C., & Yang, X. (2024) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.119909 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Experimental investigation on the venting gas of cell-to-pack lithium-ion battery module during thermal runaway

Zhang, C., Wang, S., Liu, Z., Li, Y., Sun, Z., Jing, H., Gao, X., Hu, W., Yang, H., Xu, C., et al. (2024) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.111533 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Multi-source domain transfer learning with small sample learning for thermal runaway diagnosis of lithium-ion battery

Dong, C., & Sun, D. (2024) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123248 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Exploring the energy and environmental sustainability of advanced lithium-ion battery technologies

Yu, W., Zhou, J., Hu, J., Shang, Z., Zhou, X., & Xu, S. (2024) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107963 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Advances in safety of lithium-ion batteries for energy storage: Hazard characteristics and active suppression techniques

Wang, Y., Yu, T., Chen, J., Gao, B., Yu, M., & Zhu, J. (2024) · Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.enrev.2024.100117 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Numerical investigation on thermal runaway propagation and prevention in cell-to-chassis lithium-ion battery system

Wang, G., Gao, W., He, X., Peng, R., Zhang, Y., Dai, X., Ping, P., & Kong, D. (2023) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121528 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Data-driven methods for early warning of battery thermal runaway: A review of multi-signal fusion and machine learning approaches

Ye, J., Huang, J., Kuang, J., Tang, J., Liu, C., Li, R., & Tan, G. (2025) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2025.118043 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Influence of internal and external factors on thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries induced by dual heat sources: An experimental research

Zhou, G., Yang, S., Liu, Y., Zhang, Q., Niu, C., Lu, H., Wei, Z., & Huang, Q. (2024) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125072 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Study on the influence of high-rate charge/discharge cycle numbers and spacing on thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion batteries

Huang, Y., Zhao, Y., Xu, W., Bai, W., Shen, X., Wang, J., Lu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2025.116005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

A Light-Thin Chitosan Nanofiber Separator for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

Song, Y., Zhao, G., Zhang, S., Xie, C., & Li, X. (2023) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym15183654 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Study on Thermal Runaway Propagation Characteristics of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Pack under Different SOCs

Zhu, M., Yao, J., Qian, F., Luo, W., Chen, Y., Zhao, L., & Chen, M. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12010200 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Review of Flame Behavior and Its Suppression during Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Mao, Y., Chen, Y., & Chen, M. (2024) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries10090307 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Experimental Study on the Effect of State of Charge on Failure Propagation Characteristics within Battery Modules

Li, K., Li, Y., Rui, X., Cao, Y., Fan, L., & Feng, X. (2023) · Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering · doi:10.23919/cjee.2023.000007 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Inhibition of Thermal Runaway Propagation in Lithium-Ion Battery Pack by Minichannel Cold Plates and Insulation Layers

Liu, X., Zhou, Z., Wu, W., Lv, J., Hu, C., Gao, L., Li, Y., Li, Y., & Song, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1155/2023/6661693 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Influence of Insulation Material Thickness on Spread of Thermal Runaway in Battery Packs

Bai, Q., Li, K., Zan, J., Liu, J., Ou, J., & Liu, J. (2023) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr11051321 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Internal pressure variation during the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries at different state-of-charge

Sun, Y., Chen, X., Wang, H., Xu, C., Feng, X., He, F., Huang, L., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., & Deng, J. P. (2025) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126299 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Experimental Investigation for the Phase Change Material Barrier Area Effect on the Thermal Runaway Propagation Prevention of Cell-to-Pack Batteries

Shen, K., Sun, J., Xu, C., Shaw Kang, W. O. N. G., Zheng, Y., Jin, C., Wang, H., Chen, S., & Feng, X. (2023) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries9040206 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Electrochemical-thermal analysis of large-sized lithium-ion batteries: Influence of cell thickness and cooling strategy in charging

Lei, D., Wang, Y., Fu, J., Zhu, X., Shi, J., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2024.132629 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Investigation of battery safety states based on thermal propagation and expansion analysis: Experimental studies on different packaging forms

Zhang, J., Wang, Z., Jiang, T., Liu, P., Sun, Z., Shan, T., Chen, B., Wang, Q., & Hong, J. (2024) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124800 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Assuring the safety of rechargeable energy storage systems in electric vehicles

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Review of Fault Detection Approaches for Large-Scale Lithium-Ion Battery Systems: A Spatio-Temporal Perspective

Wang, Q., Yan, H., Yang, Y., Zhao, X., Huang, G., Huang, Z., Zhu, Z., Liu, S. V., Yi, B., Huang, G., et al. (2025) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries11110414 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Experimental Investigation of Thermal Runaway Behavior and Hazards of a 1440 Ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack

Chen, H., Yang, K., Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Liu, H., Liu, J., Qu, Z., & Lai, Y. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16083398 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

A comprehensive analysis of preload force effects on the opening of safety valves and thermal runaway behavior in prismatic batteries

Chen, H., Zhang, P., Wu, Y., & Huang, Y. (2024) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.114693 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Dynamic simulation on the deformation of the battery module under thermal runaway propagation based on internal pressure

Dong, W., Xu, C., Huang, W., Peng, Y., Zhang, M., Wang, H., Jin, C., Fan, Y., & Feng, X. (2024) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.114 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Thermal runaway propagation path and fire risk assessment in electric vehicles based on full-vehicle experiments

Jia, Z., Chen, X., Zhao, Z., Sun, Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Liu, P., Wang, P., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.138484 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Comparative study on fire suppression of NCA18650 lithium-ion battery by several fire extinguishing agents

Chang, C., Zhang, J., Yuan, S., Wang, K., Zhang, Y., Wu, D., & Qian, X. (2024) · Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry · doi:10.1007/s10973-024-13362-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Thermal Runaway Propagation Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Different Cathode Materials: A Comparative Study

Li, Y., Wang, H., Wang, S., Xu, L., Li, Y., Sun, J., & Gao, Y. (2025) · Fire Technology · doi:10.1007/s10694-025-01703-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Thermal runaway properties of power cells under tunnel scenarios: Impact of state of charge, capacity, and chemistry

Ouyang, D., Liu, X., Лю, Б., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tust.2025.106802 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Thermal Optimization Strategies for Li-Ion Batteries: Predictive Temperature Algorithm

Antonio, M. (2024) · Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications · doi:10.1115/1.4065471 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

The hotspot ignition nature of thermal runaway in Li-ion batteries cycled under low temperatures

Zhang, L., Liu, L., Terekhov, A. Y., Warnberg, D., Zawodzinski, T. A., & Zhao, P. F. (2025) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2025.117272 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Detailed Characterization of Thermal Runaway Particle Emissions from a Prismatic NMC622 Lithium-Ion Battery

Elsner, F., Gerhards, P., Berrier, G., Vincent, R., Dubourg, S., & Pischinger, S. (2025) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries11060225 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Eco-friendly polyurethane thermally conductive composites with enhanced mechanical strength and toughness based on isocyanate index regulating for cell-to-pack battery system

Du, J., Chang, Q., Xu, C., Liu, B., Deng, Y., Jia, X., & Huai, X. L. (2024) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2024.113083 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Innovative approaches to optimizing Li-Ion battery cooling performance using gas mixtures

Metallo, A. (2024) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124472 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Thermal runaway properties of power cells under tunnel scenarios: Impact of heating patterns and heating powers

Ouyang, D., Liu, X., Лю, Б., Wang, J., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.114814 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Suppression of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway propagation by silica aerogel sheets with different aerogel gel contents and thicknesses

Tang, J. J., Lin, X., Mu, H., Zhang, H., Zhou, H., Ma, B., Bu, Y., Zhou, R., & Shen, X. (2025) · Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry · doi:10.1007/s10973-025-14341-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Numerical investigation of thermoelectric cooling for Li-ion battery modules: a high-efficiency, low-power approach

Metallo, A. (2025) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128979 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Pareto‐Optimal Design of Automotive Battery Systems with Tabless Cylindrical Lithium‐Ion Cells: Resolving the Trade‐Off Between Energy, Performance, Weight, and Cost for Variable Vehicle Requirements

Pegel, H., Jany, L., & Sauer, D. U. (2024) · Energy Technology · doi:10.1002/ente.202401479 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Hazard of thermal runaway ejection in lithium-ion batteries and passive protection strategies

Yang, J., Liang, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, H., Yang, X., Xie, J., & Zhang, Q. (2026) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2026.108552 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Ignition of lithium-ion battery vent gases: Combined experimental and numerical investigation

Senarathna, N. A. C. J. D., Bérubé, M.-A., Versailles, P., Robert, É., & Savard, B. (2026) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2026.121310 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

LI-ION BATTERY SAFETY: A PERSPECTIVE ON HIERARCHY OF SCALES

Karmakar, A., Zhou, H., Vishnugopi, B. S., & Mukherjee, P. P. (2023) · Annual Reviews of Heat Transfer · doi:10.1615/annualrevheattransfer.2023049033 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Influence of jet expansion on thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries under thermoelectric separation conditions

Zhou, C., Sun, Y., Cheng, C., Hong, Y., Min, L., Wu, W. X., Wang, X., Zhou, S., Liu, Q., Xia, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2025.119866 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Experimental and numerical investigation of suppression gases on lithium-ion battery vent gas explosion: Modeling and mechanisms insights

Yu, T., Chen, J., An, W., Zheng, L., Ji, W., Cai, C., Zhu, J., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.129546 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Quantification the expansion behavior and deformation dynamic variation of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway

Sun, Y., Chen, X., Wang, H., Xu, C., Xu, F., Zhang, Y., Deng, J., & Ouyang, M. (2026) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2026.140253 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

A rapid multiphysics framework for predicting thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion battery packs

Kwak, E., Jeong, J., Kim, J., & Oh, K. (2026) · eTransportation · doi:10.1016/j.etran.2026.100566 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Experimental analysis on thermal runaway propagation characteristics and mechanism in cell-to-pack Lithium-ion battery modules

Zhang, C., Jin, H., Qin, Y., Liu, X., Wang, H., Wang, Q., & Feng, X. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130691 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Battery system integration for electric mobility

Zhao, J., Yan, H., Zheng, Y., Li, Y., Feng, X., Fowler, M. W., Ouyang, M., Burke, A. F., & Sperling, D. (2026) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2026.102445 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Modelling Approach of Thermal Runaway Propagation and Gas Venting Process in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Review

Nogdhe, Y., Garg, R., & Singh, S. K. (2024) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2024-28-0068 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Influence of Internal and External Factors on Thermal Runaway Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Batteries Induced by Dual Heat Sources: An Experimental ResearchPreprint

Zhou, G., Yang, S., Liu, Y., Zhang, Q., Niu, C., Lu, H., Wei, Z., & Huang, Q. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4889699 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Characterization of thermal runaway propagation in aviation lithium-ion batteries based on lumped thermal resistance network

Yang, J., Yang, Y., Xie, J., & Zhang, Q. (2026) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2026.120741 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Trade-offs in battery integration for transportation

Zhao, J., Che, Y., Li, Y., Jing, H., Ou, S. S., & Sperling, D. (2026) · Nature Reviews Clean Technology · doi:10.1038/s44359-026-00185-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Elektrikli Araçlarda Batarya Yangınlarına Genel Bakış

Karamangil, M. İ., Sürmen, A., & Tekin, M. (2023) · Uluslararası Yakıtlar Yanma Ve Yangın Dergisi · doi:10.52702/fce.1224612 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

DYNAMIC TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN Li-ION BATTERIES USING AN APPROXIMATE SOLUTION: A NUMERICAL STUDY

Metallo, A. (2025) · Heat Transfer Research · doi:10.1615/heattransres.2025059474 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Study on jet hydrodynamic parameters and energy flow analysis of lithium-ion batteries

Ma, Q., Yan Fu, W. A. N. G., Wang, F., Sha, H., Luo, S., Xu, C., Wang, H., & Zhang, X. (2026) · International Journal of Thermal Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110702 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Expandable microcapsules for enhancing the fire safety of battery pack foam sealants

Ji, X., Zhang, M., Zhao, K., Li, J., Miao, Z., Hua, W., Hu, W., & Hu, Y. Z. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.177766 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Experimental study on dynamic immersion cooling of lithium-ion battery modules: Thermal behavior, heat transfer mechanisms, and parametric analysis

Xue, K., Guo, Y., Wang, Y., Du, X., & Zhang, B. (2026) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.129173 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Experimental and Numerical Insights on Battery Venting during Thermal Runaway

García, A., Gil, A., Golke, D., & Micó, C. (2023) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2023-01-0502

Research of Characteristics of the Thermal Runaway Process of Full-Size Prefabricated Cabin Energy Storage System

Zhao, Y., Fan, R., Wang, M., Sun, X., & Wang, X. (2025) · Fire · doi:10.3390/fire8050164

Implementation of Li-ion battery degradation kinetics within a thermally managed battery block operated at high C-rates for cascade failure analysis and prevention

Faulkner, J. M., Zhu, W. H., Minor, K., Dimick, P., & Tatarchuk, B. J. (2025) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238749

Kinetic Modeling and Adaptive Time Stepping for Battery Thermal Runaway Propagation

Chittipotula, T. (2026) · SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles · doi:10.4271/14-15-01-0003

Thermal Performance of Passive Cooling in 2170 Cylindrical Battery Modules

Stiehl, B., Sorokina, N., Bliemetsrieder, W., Hu, X., & Zigan, L. (2026) · AIAA SciTech Forum · doi:10.2514/6.2026-0719

Research on Smoke and Gas Venting Behaviors of Battery Thermal Runaway in Enclosed Battery Modules

Jia, W., Zhang, R., LI, Y., Wang, X., Ma, X., Liu, S. T., Zhang, H., & Ding, F. (2026) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ae77aa

Comparative study on thermal runaway debris and residue of LiFePO4 battery triggered by different causes

Gong, Z., Sun, J., Wang, H., & Qin, B. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.131998

Heat transfer correlation-based electro-thermal modelling of thermal runaway for a pouch cell battery

Piccirillo, F., Scognamiglio, F., Iasiello, M., Bianco, N. D., & Chiu, W. K. S. (2026) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/3258/1/012006

Experimental study on the suppression of thermal runaway propagation in nickel-cobalt-manganese lithium-ion batteries by compressed air foam under different spray doses and flow rates in a confined space

Zhang, X., Chen, Z., Zhou, L., Liu, J., Huang, Y., Huang, X., & Xu, L. (2026) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2026.123891

Heat-generation–dissipation-decoupled battery thermal modeling across multiple cooling boundaries: A physics-constrained transfer learning framework

Xue, K., Yuan, Q., Zhang, B., & Du, X. (2026) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2026.123989

Multiscale Modelling of Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Huang, J., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Guan, S., Pan, H., Zhu, L., & Ling, H. (2026) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr14162637

The thermal runaway and thermal propagation challenge of lithium-ion batteries: a review of the underlying reactions, released energies and methods for thermal safety improvement

Plöpst, J.-D., Wessel, S., Börner, M., Schmuch, R., Winter, M., & Lux, S. F. (2026) · EES batteries. · doi:10.1039/d6eb00122j

Thermal runaway front propagation characteristics, modeling and judging criteria for multi-jelly roll prismatic lithium-ion battery applications

Chen, S., Wei, X., Zhu, Z., Wu, H., Ou, Y., Zhang, G., Wang, X., Zhu, J., Feng, X., Dai, H., et al. (2024) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2024.121045 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Experimental and simulation investigation of thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion battery pack systems

Zhang, X., Yao, J., Zhu, L., Wu, J., Wei, D., Wang, Q., Chen, H., Li, K., Gao, Z., Xu, C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.109868 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Measurement of Energy Distributed Between Cell Mass and Hot Ejecta during Thermal Runaway of Lithium Ion Cells at Varying State of Charge

Yayathi, S., Doughty, D. H., & Walker, W. Q. (2015) · ECS Meeting Abstracts · doi:10.1149/ma2015-02/4/352

Basic Study on Thermal Runaway Propagation through Lithium Ion Cells

Matsumura, H., Itoh, S., & Ando, K. (2015) · SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems · doi:10.4271/2015-01-1379 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

A Sensitivity Study of a Thermal Propagation Model in an Automotive Battery Module

Huang, C., Bisschop, R., & Anderson, J. (2023) · Fire Technology · doi:10.1007/s10694-023-01383-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works