The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 172 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Nutritional applications of species of Spirulina and Chlorella in farmed fish: A review
Abstract
Microalgae contain 50% crude protein value, which is comparable with the amino acid profile of fish meal, and high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids make their use in animal feeding and nutrition extremely effective. Owing to the high price of fish meal and fish oil, cheaper suitable alternatives are being sought, and species of Spirulina and Chlorella could be a major plant protein source in farmed fish nutrition. Many studies have assessed the suitability of these microalgae in the diet of various fish species. This review highlights the influence of Spirulina on the growth enhancement of different fish species. Numerous beneficial effects of microalgae supplementation have been reported, including growth promotion in carp (Labeo rohita) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), stimulation of immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and enhancement of reproductive performance in yellowtail cichlid (Pseudotropheus acei). Novel investigations have concluded that Spirulina could be utilized in the treatment of wastewater containing outflow from fish culture activities because of its effectiveness in eliminating heavy metals and metabolising excess feed present in water outflow. The aquaculture industry could integrate the treatment of water outflow with production of Spirulina as an additive to fish diets.
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In the citing paper
“Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. have the potential to replace fish oil and fish meal in diets, enhancing growth and meat quality, stimulating immunity, and improving the pigmentation in various fish species [26,51,52,53,54,55].”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“More precisely, Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. stimulate phagocytosis, increase white blood cell count, and enhance the expression of cytokine genes, playing a crucial role in immune response.”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“It also improves reproductive performance by increasing egg production and hatching rates [52].”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp., rich in carotenoids, enhances pigmentation in fish and neutralizes the toxicity of heavy metals, particularly copper and arsenic [51,52,55].”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“Notably, their cultivation does not compete with terrestrial crops for arable land, and it can be efficiently carried out using water recirculation or even wastewaters [1,52].”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Alagawany, M., Taha, A. E., Noreldin, A., El-Tarabily, K. A., & Abd El-Hack, M. E.
- Affiliations
- Zagazig University (EG)
- Alexandria University (EG)
- Damanhour University (EG)
- Murdoch University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Alagawany, Mahmoud
- El-Tarabily, Khaled A.
- Venue
- Aquaculture
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-09
- Volume
- 542
- Pages
- 736841
- ISSN
- 0044-8486 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3157582944
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 172
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 11
- FWCI
- 2.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Aquaculture (publishedVersion)
- Murdoch University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
- Keywords
- Spirulina, Chlorella, microalgae, fish nutrition, fish meal replacement, plant proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish growth promotion, immunostimulation, reproductive performance, Labeo rohita, Oreochromis niloticus, rainbow trout, heavy metal removal, wastewater treatment, aquaculture wastewater, feed additives
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