Cited by 459Sex and Gender in HealthcareEstrogen and related hormone effectsGenetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 102 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The influence of sex and gender on the immune response

Oertelt-Prigione, Sabine·2012·Autoimmunity Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.022

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The immune system and its orchestrated response are affected by a multitude of endogenous and exogenous factors, modulators and challenges. One of the most frequent differences described in the immune response is its vigor and activity in females compared to males, leading to the consequent increase in autoimmune conditions seen in the female population as well as differences in the immune response to pathogens and viruses. The following review summarizes our present knowledge on sex differences in the immune response, detailing the hormonal and genetic effects that have been proposed as explanatory mechanisms. Sexual hormones, mostly estrogen but also progesterone and testosterone, affect immune cells quantitatively and qualitatively. Relevant research has focused on the impact of hormones on cytokine production by the different effector cells, as well as impact on immunoglobulin production by B lymphocytes and activity of granulocytes and NK cells. The biological aspects are complemented by research data on the possible modulatory role of the X chromosome. In addition to biological differences, the frequently neglected role of gender as an immunomodulator is introduced and explored. Gender affects all areas of human life and consequently affects the different steps of an immune response. Exposure to various types of antigens, access to health promotion programs and health care, as well as prioritization of health needs and household resource allocation all affect the different response of females and males to immunologic challenges.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.022

Cites

100 of 100 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females
Carrel, L., & Willard, H. F. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03479 · Cited by 2,097
Two distinct estrogen-regulated promoters generate transcripts encoding the two functionally different human progesterone receptor forms A and B
Kastner, P., Krust, A., Turcotte, B., Stropp, U., Tora, L., Gronemeyer, H., & Chambon, P. (1990) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08280.x · Cited by 1,534
The X-files in immunity: sex-based differences predispose immune responses
Fish, E. N. (2008) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2394 · Cited by 1,164
Health care and equity in India
Balarajan, Y., Selvaraj, S., & Subramanian, S. V. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61894-6 · Cited by 1,102
Estrogen deficiency and bone loss: an inflammatory tale
Weitzmann, M. N. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci28550 · Cited by 990 · cited 1×
“This is especially relevant at the bonemarrow level [22], however, in a complex in vivo environment the role of estrogen alone is difficult to dissect.”
Background
Molecular Biology of the Androgen Receptor
Gelmann, E. P. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2002.10.018 · Cited by 972
The evolution of sex-biased genes and sex-biased gene expression
Ellegren, H., & Parsch, J. (2007) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2167 · Cited by 925
A Gender Gap in Autoimmunity: Task Force on Gender, Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmunity
Whitacre, C. C., Reingold, S. C., O'Looney, P. A., Blankenhorn, E., Brinley, F., Collier, E., Duquette, P., Fox, H., Giesser, B., Gilmore, W., et al. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5406.1277 · Cited by 851
Sex-specific genetic architecture of human disease
Ober, C., Loisel, D. A., & Gilad, Y. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2415 · Cited by 787
Household Air Pollution from Coal and Biomass Fuels in China: Measurements, Health Impacts, and Interventions
Zhang, J. J., & Smith, K. R. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.9479 · Cited by 758

Show all 102 references

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 457

Sex and Aggression Characteristics in a Cohort of Patients with Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome
Gao, J., Chan, A. L., Willett, T. A., Farhadian, B., Silverman, M. A., Tran, P., Ahmed, S., Thienemann, M., & Frankovich, J. (2022) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2021.0084 · Cited by 5
“In addition, sex differences in immune functioning have been well documented in studies of other inﬂammatory/autoimmune disorders (Ansar et al. 1985; Oertelt-Prigione 2012).”
Changes in immunological parameters by ageing in rural healthy Indian adults and their associations with sex and lifestyle
Agarwal, D. M., Paul, S., Lele, P., Piprode, V., Kawade, A. S., Hajela, N., Bavdekar, A., Parulekar, V., Ginde, M., Paranjape, G., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19227-z · Cited by 5
“In general, while estrogen action increases immune response [40], it has been shown that mitochondrial oxidative stress is higher in male than in female and that higher levels of estrogens in females protects them against age-related decline of the immune response by up-regulating the expression of antioxidants and lo…”
Background
Sex as a risk factor for occurrence and severity of infectious and parasitic diseases in dogs: Protocol for a systematic review
Byaruhanga, C., & Knobel, D. L. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275578 · Cited by 5
“The superior immune responsiveness of females manifests as higher levels of antibodies (IgM, IgG, IgA) and stronger cell-mediated and humoral immunity [13, 14].”
Background
TNF-α and TGF-β level after intraoperative allogeneic red blood cell transfusion in orthopedic operation patients
Hassani, H. T. I., Khoshdel, A., Sharifzadeh, S. R., HEYDARI, M. F., Alizadeh, S., & Noroozi‐Aghideh, A. (2017) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.3906/sag-1508-36 · Cited by 5
“Changes in cytokines are detectable 3 days after transfusion and at least for 2 weeks (13,14).”
Background
Consequences of combining sex‐specific traits
Venkateswaran, V. R., Roth, O., & Gokhale, C. S. (2021) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.14204 · Cited by 5
“Across species, different sex-specific immune response profiles can be found, depending on the sex-specific selection and phenotypic divergence (Uekert et al. 2006; Love et al. 2008; Oertelt-Prigione 2012).”
Background
Myasthenia gravis and covid-19 in pregnancy: a review of the literature and case series report
Neykova, K., Миланова, М., & Ignatov, P. N. (2021) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2021.1973418 · Cited by 5
“However, sex hormones, which are generally known to affect immune response [3], are considered to have a major impact on MG severity throughout the menstrual period and pregnancy [4,5].”
Background
Beyond the Glands: An in-Depth Perspective of Neuropathy in Sjögren’s Syndrome
Voigt, A. (2014) · Rheumatology Current Research · doi:10.4172/2161-1149.s4-010 · Cited by 5
“Unlike most autoimmune connective tissue diseases, SjS shows the highest sexual dimorphism with women are affected 10-times more frequently than men, suggesting a role for sex hormones in disease susceptibility or progression [8-12].”
Contribution of CD4+ T Cells and Dendritic Cells to Female-Dominant Antigen-Induced T Helper Type 2 Cytokine Production by Bronchial Lymph Node Cells
Okuyama, K., Suenaga, M., Furuki, S., Kawano, T., Ohkawara, Y., Takayanagi, M., Kikuchi, T., & Ohno, I. (2013) · International Archives of Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1159/000350426 · Cited by 5
Sex and Gender Aspects in Vestibular Disorders: Current Knowledge and Emerging Perspectives—A Systematic Review
Franz, L., Frosolini, A., Parrino, D., Badin, G., Pavone, C., Cenedese, R., Vitturi, A., Terenzani, M., Babb, C. N., de Filippis, C., et al. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16020197 · Cited by 4
Sex as modifier of survival in patients with advanced urothelial cancer treated with pembrolizumab
Incorvaia, L., Scagliarini, S., Monteiro, F. S. M., Takeshita, H., Tapia, J. C., Quiroga, M. N. G., Lam, E. T., Tural, D., POPOVIC, L. S., Campos-Gómez, S., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-93094-2 · Cited by 4
“Sex-driven disparities in response to immunotherapy and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have been reported in a variety of tumor types 19,20 .”
Debate: Testosterone Therapy Reduces Cardiovascular Risk in Men with Diabetes. Against the Motion
Schooling, C. M., Xu, L., & Zhao, J. V. (2015) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-015-0449-2 · Cited by 4
Gender dimorphism in the virulence of a dioecious mistletoe
Burns, K. C. (2021) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.05.007 · Cited by 4
Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccine in a Big Italian COVID-19 Hospital: An 18-Month Follow-Up
Sansone, E., Bonfanti, C., Sala, E., Renzetti, S., Terlenghi, L., Matteelli, A., Tiraboschi, M. M., Pedrazzi, T., Lombardo, M., Rossi, C., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11010008 · Cited by 5
“Genetic and epigenetic factors and sex hormones are likely to be involved [20].”
Background
Immune status of people living in the Tande-Tande sub-village (Indonesia), an area with high indoor radon concentration
Purnami, S., Ramadhani, D., Oktariyani, T. A., Suvifan, V. A., Tetriana, D., Sugoro, I., Rahajeng, N., Wanandi, S. I., Wibowo, H., Yamaguchi, M., et al. (2023) · Radiation and Environmental Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s00411-023-01047-y · Cited by 4
“Secondly, it is well-known that various factors can influence cytokine levels in blood, including age, sex, smoking status, and individual inflammatory conditions (Oertelt-Prigione 2012; Brodin et al. 2015; Horst et al. 2016; Schirmer et al. 2018).”
Background
The association between monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio and hyperuricemia: Results from 2009 to 2018
Cao, L., Wu, C., Liu, M., Zhang, W., Chen, H., Wang, R., & He, Z. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037713 · Cited by 4
“[54] HDL-C appears to play a crucial role in the immune response.”
Background
Sex- and Gender-Specific Differences in Chronic Pruritus
Stumpf, A., & Pfleiderer, B. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33142-3_16 · Cited by 4
Exposure to a mixture of 23 chemicals associated with unconventional oil and gas operations alters immune response to challenge in adult mice
O’Dell, C. T., Boule, L. A., Robert, J., Georas, S. N., Eliseeva, S. I., & Lawrence, B. P. (2021) · Journal of Immunotoxicology · doi:10.1080/1547691x.2021.1965677 · Cited by 4
“In addition, it is known that the endocrine system affects the immune system (Oertelt-Prigione 2012; Gabriel and Arck 2014; Klein and Flanagan 2016).”
Background
The Roles of T Cells in Clinical Depression
Toben, C. G., & Baune, B. T. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811073-7.00007-6 · Cited by 4
A combined measure of tuberculous lesions for assessing the efficacy of vaccination against tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in European badgers (Meles meles) supports the 3Rs principle of reduction
Birch, C., Chambers, M. A., & Lesellier, S. (2019) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.079 · Cited by 4
Lesion size is associated with genetic polymorphisms in TLR1, TLR6, and TIRAP genes in patients with major abscesses and diabetic foot infections
D’Onofrio, V., Monnier, A. A., Kremer, C., Stappers, M. H. T., Netea, M. G., & Gyssens, I. C. (2019) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-019-03732-7 · Cited by 4
Salivary SIgA responses to acute moderate–vigorous exercise in monophasic oral contraceptive users
Hayashida, H., Dolan, N. J., Hounsome, C., Alajmi, N., & BISHOP, N. C. (2015) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0468 · Cited by 4
“Given that estrogens are typically reported to increase antibody production from B cells (Oertelt-Prigione 2012) this is perhaps surprising.”
Background
Sex Differences in Immunity and Inflammation: Implications for Brain and Behavior
Neigh, G. N., Nemeth, C. L., & Rowson, S. A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802114-9.00001-9 · Cited by 5
Up-regulation of RIP1 and IPS-1 in chronic HBV infected patients
Safari-Arababadi, M., Modarressi, M. H., & Arababadi, M. K. (2019) · Genetics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0071 · Cited by 4
Non-specific effects of vaccines: RCTs, not observational studies, are needed: Figure 1
Pollard, A. J. (2012) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-301873 · Cited by 4
The different innate immune response to infections in males and females emerges before birth
Margarita, V., Lodde, V., Rappelli, P., Doro, L., Montella, A., Fiori, P. L., & Campesi, I. (2025) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2025.123521 · Cited by 3
Sex and gender influence on adverse events for melanoma patients: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis
Gaeta, A., Nuvoli, L., Doccioli, C., Caini, S., Saponara, M., Cimminiello, C., Cosma, C., Palmieri, G., Cossu, A., Vicini, F., et al. (2025) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-025-03266-0 · Cited by 3
Sex Disparities in Transplantation Access and Outcomes: An Overview
Foster, B. J. (2026) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000005618 · Cited by 3
Sex Differences in Response to Viral Vector Vaccines—Implications for Future Vaccine Design
Grewe, I., Zoran, T., & Addo, M. M. (2026) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.70098 · Cited by 4
“…and sociocultural factors influence susceptibility to and severity of a range of infections, as well as vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, and reactogenicity, sometimes rendering it difficult to differentiate between primarily sex-specific and rather gender-specific effects (reviewed in [10–12]).”
Inequalities in respiratory health based on sex and gender
Zhang, X., Quint, J. K., & Whittaker, H. R. (2023) · European Respiratory Society eBooks · doi:10.1183/2312508x.10003522 · Cited by 3
Hormone replacement therapy and COVID-19 outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients compared with the general population
Vinson, A. J., Anzalone, A. J., Schissel, M. E., Dai, R., French, E., Olex, A. L., Mannon, R. B., Wilcox, A. B., Lee, A. M., Graves, A., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.ajt.2023.04.020 · Cited by 3
Steroids and steroid-like compounds alter the ion permeability of phospholipid bilayers via distinct interactions with lipids and interfacial water
Larder, M., Crowley, J., Hossain, S. I., & Deplazes, E. (2025) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/d4cp03254c · Cited by 3
Gender-based variations in surgical management of colorectal liver metastases: comprehensive analysis
Koch, P. F., Ludwig, K., Hillebrandt, K. H., Freitag, H., Blank, M., Knitter, S., Modest, D. P., Krenzien, F., Lurje, G., Schöning, W., et al. (2025) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-025-13612-3 · Cited by 3
“It has already been reported that there are gender differences in immune cells and immune responses [43], which could explain varied microenvironments and therefore divergent metastasis patterns in men and women.”
Absence of Gender Disparity in Thirty-Day Morbidity and Mortality After Supratentorial Brain Tumor Resection
Farooqi, A. S., Dimentberg, R., Shultz, K., McClintock, S. D., & Malhotra, N. R. (2020) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.146 · Cited by 3
Sex differences in CRT device implantation rates, efficacy, and complications following implantation: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
Dewidar, O., BIRNIE, D. H., Podinic, I., Welch, V. A., & Wells, G. A. (2021) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01746-x · Cited by 4
Parasympathetic-macrophages-ductal epithelial cells axis promotes female rat submandibular gland regeneration after excretory duct ligation/deligation
Wang, B., Li, D., Li, J., An, W., Li, Z., Shao, Q., & Qin, L. (2022) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105586 · Cited by 3
Effects of gender on the efficacy and response to COVID-19 vaccination; a review study on current knowledge
Rastegar-Kashkouli, A., Jafari, M., & Yousefi, P. (2022) · Journal of Renal Endocrinology · doi:10.34172/jre.2022.25064 · Cited by 3
Neurological Disorders and Women's Health: Contribution of Molecular Neuroimaging Techniques
Ekmekçioğlu, Ö., Albert, N. L., Heinrich, K., Tolboom, N., Weehaeghe, D. V., Traub‐Weidinger, T., Atay, L. Ö., Garibotto, V., & Morbelli, S. D. (2024) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.01.010 · Cited by 3
A tissue-selective estrogen complex as treatment of osteoporosis in experimental lupus
Nordqvist, J., Engdahl, C., Scheffler, J. M., Gupta, P., Gustafsson, K. L., Lagerquist, M. K., Carlsten, H., & Islander, U. (2022) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/09612033211067984 · Cited by 3
“Estrogen influences several parts of the immune system including lymphocytes, antibody production, the complement- and interferon-systems, which are all important in SLE pathogenesis.(2,3) One major secondary complication of SLE is osteoporosis and associated fractures.”
Background
Enhancing capillary blood collection: The influence of nicotinic acid and nonivamide
Moro, C., Bass, J., Scott, A. M., & Canetti, E. F. D. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.22142 · Cited by 3
The Aging Immune System
Müller, L., & Pawelec, G. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-411596-5.00015-0 · Cited by 3
Sex Dimorphism in Expression of Immune Response Genes in DrosophilaPreprint
Khan, M., & Graze, R. M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.27.605461 · Cited by 3
Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Drugs
Stolarz, A. J., & Rusch, N. J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71135-5_16 · Cited by 2
Prostaglandins suppress neutrophil function after sexual intercourse and may promote urinary tract infections
Andrade, G. M., Pérez‐Campos, E., Ruiz‐Rosado, J. D. D., Canseco, E. G. M., Lee, A., & Vasquez-Martinez, G. (2024) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2024.111481 · Cited by 3
Automatic detection of persistent physiological changes after COVID infection via wearable devices with potential for long COVID management
Borhani, S., Silva, I., Damiano, R. J., Feng, T., Wang, C., Liu, L., Salvati, E., Mariani, S., & Conroy, B. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-15208-0 · Cited by 2
Healthy aging and aging-related kidney diseases: lessons from centenarians
Yamamoto, S., Arai, Y., Kosaka, T., Matsumoto, M., Yamada, R., Yoshikawa, T., & Yanagita, M. (2025) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfaf284 · Cited by 2
“The X chromosome harbors a high concentration of immune-related genes [48 ].”
Unraveling the anxiety-gastritis connection: A population-based real-world clinical investigation
Guo, Y., Deng, F., Hu, J., Yi, X., Wang, B., Liu, Z., Zeng, M., & Song, H. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120458 · Cited by 2
Associations between serum metals and antibody levels against measles, rubella, and varicella vaccines in children with sex-specific nonlinear patterns
Liu, M., Zhu, P., Deng, F., Liang, B., Xu, Y., Qin, P., Peng, R., & Tan, L. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127276 · Cited by 2
Hens and roosters of two distinct lines differ in immune cell profiles
Hofmann, T., Stefanski, V., Bessei, W., & Schmucker, S. S. (2026) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2026.106880 · Cited by 2
“The mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in immunity are multifactorial, involving both differences in sex hormone concentrations and sex chromosomes (reviewed in Guerra-Silveira and Abad-Franch, 2013; Oertelt-Prigione, 2012).”
Sex- and menopause-related differences in immune and gastrointestinal symptom architecture in ME/CFS: evidence from factor analysis and structural equation modeling
Habermann-Horstmeier, L., & Horstmeier, L. M. (2026) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-026-08699-6 · Cited by 1
The Phenotype of Hormone-Related Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases in the Skin: Annular Lesions That Lateralize
Kollipara, R., Arora, C., & Reisz, C. (2012) · Journal of Allergy · doi:10.1155/2012/604854 · Cited by 2
“Gender is an important variable in many diseases [1].”
Background
Sex Hormones and Immunosenescence
Gómez, C. R., Nomellini, V., & Kovacs, E. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64597-1_42-1 · Cited by 2
Geoepidemiology and the key role of sex chromosomes on autoimmune diseases
Lleò, A. (2023) · Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-88534-8.00051-1 · Cited by 3
Signal mining and gender differences analysis of adverse events in NMIBC treatment with gemcitabine and BCG bladder instillation based on the FAERS database
Wang, B., Bao, E., Jiang, B., Yang, L., Liu, Y., Xia, L., Wang, J.-H., Wang, L., & Zhu, P.-Y. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2024.2388212 · Cited by 2
“BCG is a live bacterial preparation that exerts its therapeutic effects by activating the immune system, and women’s immune systems are generally more active than men’s, which may lead to stronger adverse reactions during BCG treatment [19].”
A surrogate BSL2-compliant infection model recapitulating key aspects of human Marburg virus disease
Yang, W., Zhou, W., Liang, B., Hu, X., Wang, S., Wang, Z., Wang, T., Xia, X., Feng, N., Zhao, Y., et al. (2025) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2024.2449083 · Cited by 2
“We observed that lethality was more consistent in female hamsters than in male hamsters, potentially due to sex-based differences in the immune system; however, further validation is needed [65].”
Mycobacterium leprae Hsp65 administration reduces the lifespan of aged high antibody producer mice
Baldon, E. J., Marengo, E. B., Franco, M. D., Starobinas, N., Bueno, V., & Sant’Anna, O. A. (2014) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/1742-4933-11-6 · Cited by 2
“Sexual hormones (mostly estrogen but also progesterone and testosterone) affect immune cells quantitatively and qualitatively and impact on cytokine production [59].”
Background
Sex Hormones and Multiple Sclerosis
Trenova, A. G. (2016) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/63630 · Cited by 2
Geoepidemiology and the Impact of Sex on Autoimmune Diseases
Lleò, A. (2017) · Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803506-1.00022-x · Cited by 2
Hormones
Moulton, V. R. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801917-7.00011-5 · Cited by 2
Evaluation of Cytomegalo Virus Seropositivity in Haemodialysis Patients and its Relation to Metabolic Syndrome
Shaker, G. E., Khalik, H. S. A. E., Rabie, R. A., & ElAziz, R. W. A. A. (2021) · The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.21608/ejhm.2021.188547 · Cited by 2
“It’s well established that the immune response differs between males and females in terms susceptibility to infection and disease progression, with females generally exhibiting higher antibody production and lower levels of inflammations in response to infection ((12)).”
Background
Sex and autoimmune thyroid diseases
Kucharská, A. (2014) · Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.18544/ep-01.13.02.1486 · Cited by 2
Sexual Dimorphism Has Low Impact on the Response against Rotavirus Infection in Suckling Rats
Morales-Ferré, C., Azagra-Boronat, I., Massot‐Cladera, M., Franch, À., Castell, M., Rodríguez-Lagunas, M. J., & Pérez-Cano, F. J. (2020) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines8030345 · Cited by 2
“In fact, besides adaptive immunity, innate immunity has also been observed to be sex-associated [44,45].”
Background
Immune and sex-biased gene expression in the threatened Mojave desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii
Xu, C., Dolby, G., Drake, K. K., Esque, T. C., & Kusumi, K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238202 · Cited by 3
“In general, females mount stronger innate and adaptive immune responses than males [17,18].”
Background
Effects of early life and current environmental enrichment on behaviour, affective state and immunity in pigs
Luo, L. (2020) · doi:10.18174/516289 · Cited by 2
COVID-19 gender difference pattern in Iranian population compared to the global pattern; a systematic review and meta-analysisPreprint
Rajabinejad, M., & Asgarian‐Omran, H. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.05.23.21257692 · Cited by 2
Diacetyl inhalation impairs airway epithelial repair in mice infected with influenza A virus
McGraw, M., Yee, M., Kim, S.-Y., Dylag, A. M., Lawrence, B. P., & O’Reilly, M. A. (2022) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00124.2022 · Cited by 1
Calcification of stylohyoid ligaments and its association with obesity: A cross‐sectional retrospective study
Al‐Amad, S. H., Bayatti, S. A., & Alshamsi, H. A. (2024) · Oral Surgery · doi:10.1111/ors.12914 · Cited by 1
Autoimmune diseases of older people are influenced by sex and gender
Candore, G., Zarcone, R., & Calabrò, A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27398-8.00015-0 · Cited by 1
Neopterin as a Tool for Primate Ecoimmunology: Current Knowledge, Practical Application, and New Directions From Captivity to the Wild
Behringer, V., & Deimel, C. (2025) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.70081 · Cited by 1
“…and that vary with sex/gender categories include genetic differences such as sex chromosomes, hormonal mediators such as estradiol, and environmental, social, and ontogenetic influences (e.g., Klein and Flanagan 2016; Mariencheck 2024; Nowak and Muehlenbein 2025; Oertelt ‐ Prigione 2012).”
Associations of dietary and blood inflammatory indices with anemia in U.S. adults: Evidence from NHANES 2007 to 2018
Gou, X., & Chen, Z. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000046385 · Cited by 1
“[31,32] The inverse associations of SII and SIRI with Hgb levels specifically within the anemic subgroup provide a crucial link between systemic inflammation and anemia severity.”
Sex differences in efficacy and adverse events following bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation for severe emphysema: results from a multinational real-world registry
Trudzinski, F. C., Kontogianni, K., Valipour, A., Klemm, T., Eisenmann, S., Ficker, J. H., Franzen, D., Gesierich, W., Grah, C., Dittrich, S. A., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open Respiratory Research · doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2025-003932 · Cited by 1
Autoimmune diseases are more common in women: insights into sex and gender differences in autoimmunity
Calabrò, A., Accardi, G., Aiello, A., Zarcone, R., & Candore, G. (2026) · Exploration of Immunology · doi:10.37349/ei.2026.1003241 · Cited by 1
Individual morphological brain networks, systemic inflammation, and neurocognitive alterations in type 2 diabetes
He, Y., Tan, J., Chen, M., Zhao, Y., Yang, C., Zhang, H., Tian, J., Huang, G., Zhao, Z., Yao, Z., et al. (2026) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2026.111903 · Cited by 1
Comparative study of lymphocytes from individuals that were vaccinated and unvaccinated against the pandemic 2009-2011 H1N1 influenza virus in Southern Brazil
de Freitas, D. N., Isaía, H. A., Henzel, A., Simão, É. M., Gassen, R. B., & Rodrigues, L. C. (2015) · Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0163-2015 · Cited by 1
Seasonal influence on mitogen and cyclosporin responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes
Michelis, F. V., Delitheos, A., & Tiligada, E. (2013) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2013.03.023 · Cited by 1
“Despite the reported inherent gender difference that may affect the seasonality of the response [7], and the influence of the menstrual cycle on lymphocyte activity [20,24], sampling from women at random phases of the menstrual cycle was not a factor that modified result variability or the seasonal influence on hPBL a…”
Background
Immunology of Pregnancy
Schust, D. J., & Stephens, A. J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0673-4_1 · Cited by 1
A gender-specific approach to occupational allergic contact dermatitis
Salvati, L., Vanni, E., Acciai, M. C., & Parronchi, P. (2020) · Allergo Journal International · doi:10.1007/s40629-020-00154-2 · Cited by 1
Assessment of Gender Disparities in Short-Term and Long-Term Outcomes Following Posterior Fossa Tumor Resection
Farooqi, A. S., Jiang, S., Borja, A. J., Detchou, D. K. E. D., Dimentberg, R., Shultz, K., McClintock, S. D., & Malhotra, N. R. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.20000 · Cited by 1
“Gender is a particularly important SDOH, influencing social and biological factors, which may contribute to outcome disparities [6,7].”
Background
Immunology of Pregnancy and Systemic Consequences
Menzies, F. M. (2023) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35139-6_10 · Cited by 1
“…how these powerful systemic increases in estrogens and progesterone, required to sustain pregnancy, can act as a mechanism to modulate the maternal immune system (Oertelt-Prigione, 2012, Pennell et al., 2012, Robinson and Klein, 2012, Menzies and Henriquez, 2009, Druckmann and Druckmann, 2005).”
Background
Sex differences in all-cause mortality and life span between women with premature menopause and men: propensity score matching analysis
Xing, Z., & Kirby, R. S. (2024) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000002412 · Cited by 1
Sex Hormones and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review of Their Role in Disease Development
Rayhaan, S., Hasan, L. A., Jasim, A. A., Hussein, R., Aead, N. K., Hameed, R. M., AL-Mousawi, Z. R., Ghazi, A. M., Abbas, H. F., Yaseen, M. F., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health · doi:10.55640/ijmsdh-10-08-06 · Cited by 1
“Sex hormone receptors are found on the surface of immune cells, where they can interact as a part of the immunological synapse during antigen presentation, while being expressed intracellularly the majority of the time [31] .”
Effect of stress during exam time on immunity - A Survey based study
Das, E., Shil, A., Saha, S., Das, A., Ghosh, S., & Singh, M. K. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.18006/2024.12(3).498.510 · Cited by 1
The pink side of spondyloarthritis: a narrative review across pathogenesis and clinical manifestations in women
Rizzo, C., Barbera, L. L., D’Antonio, A., Camarda, F., Conigliaro, P., Chimenti, M. S., & Guggino, G. (2024) · Reumatismo · doi:10.4081/reumatismo.2024.1764 · Cited by 1
“This phenomenon has been strongly related to the different hormone milieu according to sex (33).”
Background
Gender Medicine and Autoimmune Disorders; Why our Ladies Get Sick?
Hayakawa, J., Hayakawa, S., & Nishinarita, S. (2013) · Journal of Nihon University Medical Association · doi:10.4264/numa.72.150 · Cited by 1
Immune Response—The Impact of Biological Sex and Gender
Oertelt‐Prigione, S. (2017) · Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803506-1.00023-1 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Sexual Dimorphic Responses in Lymphocytes of Healthy Individuals after Carica papaya Consumption
Jumat, N. R., Chong, M., Seman, Z., Jamaluddin, R., Wong, N. K., & Abdullah, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00680 · Cited by 1
Distress, circadian rhythms, immunity, and survival in presurgical breast cancer patients.
Rebholz, W. N. (2016) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/2610 · Cited by 1
A role played by sex in innate immune memory and disease severity
Earhart, A. (2023) · MOspace Institutional Repository (University of Missouri) · doi:10.32469/10355/98753 · Cited by 1
The Emerging Role of Immunotherapy in Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Barroso‐Sousa, R., & Drake, C. G. (2014) · Current clinical urology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1176-9_9
An Investigator’s Guide
Clement, G. R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9905-4_9
Influência da Hsp65 de Mycobacterium leprae sobre o processo de envelhecimento e resposta imune de camundongos geneticamente selecionados.
Baldon, E. J. (2014) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2014.tde-11072014-100900
Immune System Toxicity and Immunotoxicity Hazard Identification
Luebke, R. W. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118683484.ch16
Pediatric Rheumatologic Disease
Chiel, L. E., & Sundel, R. P. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118453940.ch25
Caracterização morfométrica e molecular do papel de citocinas pró e anti-inflamatórias no processo de reparo ósseo alveolar em condições homeostáticas e infecciosas
Vieira, A. E. (2013) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.25.2013.tde-22112013-113101
Immunology of Pregnancy and Systemic Consequences
Menzies, F. M., & Henriquez, F. L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16438-0_3
“The elevated levels of progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy have a profound influence on the immune environment within the uterus by modulating immune cell function (Druckmann and Druckmann 2005; Menzies and Henriquez 2009; Oertelt-Prigione 2012; Pennell et al. 2012).”
Background
IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INITIATION OF MIGRAINE: THE IMPACT OF SEX-, STRESS-, AND SYMPATHETIC-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN THE DURA
McIlvried, L. A. (2015) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
The Sex of the Cell Dictates its Response
Penaloza, C. G. (2014) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Organic response to stress
Correia, M. I. T. D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816438-9.00002-7
Symptom Presentation Frequency and Severity Associated with Adult Lyme Disease by ROSS Scale Review
Stanavitch, V. A. (2016) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
Chikungunya Virus Pathogenesis
Hawman, D. W., & Morrison, T. E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42958-8_10
Moving Beyond Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors Toward Gendered Horizon
Basili, S., Proietti, M., & Raparelli, V. (2017) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2017.6383
“Interestingly, women are more predisposed to a depressive reaction and they are more sensitive to stress, which is tied to higher levels of inflammation and a decline in their immune system as stress hormones kick in.(6) In the context of rapid familial and societal structure’s changes, one would expect a change in co…”
Background

Authors: Oertelt-Prigione, S.
Venue: Autoimmunity Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2012-05
Volume: 11
Issue: 6-7
Pages: A479-A485
ISSN: 1568-9972 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.022
OpenAlex: W2045019335
Cited by: 459
References: 102
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 3.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Autoimmunity Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Publikationen an der Universität Bielefeld (Universität Bielefeld) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
Keywords: sex differences in immune response, gender differences, autoimmune disease, sex hormones, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cytokine production, antibody production, B cells, granulocytes, natural killer cells, X chromosome, social determinants of health, health care access
MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes, Bone Marrow Cells, Dendritic Cells, Female, Humans, Immunity, Active, Immunologic Factors, Killer Cells, Natural, Male, Sex Factors, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, T-Lymphocytes

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The influence of sex and gender on the immune response

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks