Cited by 459Sex and Gender in HealthcareEstrogen and related hormone effectsGenetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities

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The influence of sex and gender on the immune response

Oertelt-Prigione, Sabine·2012·Autoimmunity Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.022

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Abstract

The immune system and its orchestrated response are affected by a multitude of endogenous and exogenous factors, modulators and challenges. One of the most frequent differences described in the immune response is its vigor and activity in females compared to males, leading to the consequent increase in autoimmune conditions seen in the female population as well as differences in the immune response to pathogens and viruses. The following review summarizes our present knowledge on sex differences in the immune response, detailing the hormonal and genetic effects that have been proposed as explanatory mechanisms. Sexual hormones, mostly estrogen but also progesterone and testosterone, affect immune cells quantitatively and qualitatively. Relevant research has focused on the impact of hormones on cytokine production by the different effector cells, as well as impact on immunoglobulin production by B lymphocytes and activity of granulocytes and NK cells. The biological aspects are complemented by research data on the possible modulatory role of the X chromosome. In addition to biological differences, the frequently neglected role of gender as an immunomodulator is introduced and explored. Gender affects all areas of human life and consequently affects the different steps of an immune response. Exposure to various types of antigens, access to health promotion programs and health care, as well as prioritization of health needs and household resource allocation all affect the different response of females and males to immunologic challenges.

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Cancer immunotherapy efficacy and patients' sex: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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“Partially controversial results were reported regarding hormonal effects on the cytokine secretion pattern of T lymphocytes (reviewed in Bouman et al., 2005; Straub, 2007; Gonzalez et al., 2010; Oertelt-Prigione, 2012).”
Background
Sex Differences in Lifespan
Austad, S. N., & Fischer, K. E. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.019 · Cited by 619
“Although there have been numerous studies assessing various aspects of immune responsiveness in adult humans in which females have often proven to have more robust responses (Ferguson et al., 2013; Gubbels Bupp, 2015; Oertelt-Prigione, 2012), there have been few such studies in infants.”
Sex and gender differences and biases in artificial intelligence for biomedicine and healthcare
Cirillo, D., Catuara-Solarz, S., Morey, C., Guney, E., Subirats, L., Mellino, S., Gigante, A., Valencia, A., Rementeria, M. J., Chadha, A. S., et al. (2020) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0288-5 · Cited by 553
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Authors: Oertelt-Prigione, S.
Venue: Autoimmunity Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2012-05
Volume: 11
Issue: 6-7
Pages: A479-A485
ISSN: 1568-9972 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.022
OpenAlex: W2045019335
Cited by: 459
References: 102
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 3.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Autoimmunity Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Publikationen an der Universität Bielefeld (Universität Bielefeld) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
Keywords: sex differences in immune response, gender differences, autoimmune disease, sex hormones, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cytokine production, antibody production, B cells, granulocytes, natural killer cells, X chromosome, social determinants of health, health care access
MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes, Bone Marrow Cells, Dendritic Cells, Female, Humans, Immunity, Active, Immunologic Factors, Killer Cells, Natural, Male, Sex Factors, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, T-Lymphocytes

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The influence of sex and gender on the immune response

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