The DOI matches its Crossref record; 115 of the 115 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The SARS-CoV-2 as an instrumental trigger of autoimmunity
Open accessAbstract
Autoimmunity may be generated by a variety of factors by creating a hyper-stimulated state of the immune system. It had been established long ago that viruses are a substantial component of environmental factors that contribute to the production of autoimmune antibodies, as well as autoimmune diseases. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are viruses that withhold these autoimmune abilities. In a similar manner, SARS-CoV-2 may be counted to similar manifestations, as numerous records demonstrating the likelihood of COVID-19 patients to develop multiple types of autoantibodies and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we focused on the association between COVID-19 and the immune system concerning the tendency of patients to develop over 15 separate types of autoantibodies and above 10 distinct autoimmune diseases. An additional autoimmunity manifestation may be one of the common initial symptoms in COVID-19 patients, anosmia, the complete loss of the ability to sense smell, and other olfactory alterations. We summarize current knowledge on principal mechanisms that may contribute to the development of autoimmunity in the disease: the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to hyper-stimulate the immune system, induce excessive neutrophil extracellular traps formation with neutrophil-associated cytokine responses and the molecular resemblance between self-components of the host and the virus. Additionally, we will examine COVID-19 potential risk on the new-onsets of autoimmune diseases, such as antiphospholipid syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Kawasaki disease and numerous others. It is of great importance to recognize those autoimmune manifestations of COVID-19 in order to properly cope with their outcomes in the ongoing pandemic and the long-term post-pandemic period. Lastly, an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 may be the best solution in dealing with the ongoing pandemic. We will discuss the new messenger RNA vaccination strategy with an emphasis on autoimmunity implications.
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Cites
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin
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BackgroundAutoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19
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Cited by
Watad, A., De Marco, G., Mahajna, H., Druyan, A., Eltity, M., Hijazi, N., Haddad, A., Elias, M., Zisman, D., Naffaa, M. E., et al. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9050435 · Cited by 363
Self-citationPost-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction: What Do We Know?
Bisaccia, G., Ricci, F., Recce, V., Serio, A., Iannetti, G., Chahal, A. A., Ståhlberg, M., Khanji, M. Y., Fedorowski, A., & Gallina, S. (2021) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd8110156 · Cited by 129
COVID-19 as a trigger for type 1 diabetes
Wang, Y., Guo, H., Wang, G., Zhai, J., & Du, B. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad165 · Cited by 50
Immune-Mediated Mechanisms of COVID-19 Neuropathology
Dunai, C., Collie, C., & Michael, B. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.882905 · Cited by 22
Ching, W.-Y., Adhikari, P., Jawad, B., & Podgornik, R. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231710091 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Dotan, A., Muller, S., Kanduc, D., David, P., Halpert, G., & Shoenfeld, Y.
- Venue
- Autoimmunity Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 102792
- ISSN
- 1568-9972 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3132728920
- Cited by
- 494
- References
- 115
- FWCI
- 66.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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