Crime and violence in Brazil: Systematic review of time trends, prevalence rates and risk factors

Murray, Joseph; Cerqueira, Daniel Ricardo de Castro; Kahn, Tulio

doi:10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.003

Cited by 232Crime Patterns and InterventionsGun Ownership and Violence ResearchYouth, Drugs, and Violence

Crime and violence in Brazil: Systematic review of time trends, prevalence rates and risk factors

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Murray, Joseph, Cerqueira, Daniel Ricardo de Castro, Kahn, Tulio·2013·Aggression and Violent Behavior

DOI 10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.003PMC PMC3763365

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Abstract

Between 1980 and 2010 there were 1 million homicides in Brazil. Dramatic increases in homicide rates followed rises in inequality, more young men in the population, greater availability of firearms, and increased drug use. Nevertheless, disarmament legislation may have helped reduce homicide rates in recent years. Despite its very high rate of lethal violence, Brazil appears to have similar levels of general criminal victimization as several other Latin American and North American countries. Brazil has lower rates of drug use compared to other countries such as the United States, but the prevalence of youth drug use in Brazil has increased substantially in recent years. Since 1990, the growth of the Brazilian prison population has been enormous, resulting in the fourth largest prison population in the world. Through a systematic review of the literature, we identified 10 studies assessing the prevalence of self-reported offending in Brazil and 9 studies examining risk factors. Levels of self-reported offending seem quite high among school students in Brazil. Individual and family-level risk factors identified in Brazil are very similar to those found in high-income countries.

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UNODC and WHO report that homicide levels have remained high in the Americas and in Eastern and Southern Africa, and in some countries levels increased.
“UNODC and WHO report that this is particularly the case for the Americas and in Eastern and Southern Africa, where homicide levels have remained high, and in some countries levels increased.”
From The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013 (2016) · cites this paper as [29]

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Trends in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Prevalence, Outcomes, and Inequalities
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Treating fractures in upper limb gunshot injuries: The Cape Town experience
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Gubert, M. B., Segall‐Corrêa, A. M., Spaniol, A. M., Pedroso, J., COELHO, S. E. D. A. C., & Pérez‐Escamilla, R. (2016) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980016003414 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Trends in Hospital Admission Rates and Associated Direct Healthcare Costs in Brazil: A Nationwide Retrospective Study between 2000 and 2015
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Violent Crime in Latin American Cities
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Association between drug use and urban violence: Data from the II Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey (BNADS)
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How Similar Are Modern Criminal Syndicates to Traditional Mafias?
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Childhood Behavioural Problems and Adverse Outcomes in Early Adulthood: a Comparison of Brazilian and British Birth Cohorts
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Maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their associations with intimate partner violence and child maltreatment: Results from a Brazilian birth cohort
Buffarini, R., Hammerton, G., Coll, C. V. N., da Cruz, S. H., da Silveira, M. F., & Murray, J. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106928 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
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A conditional cash transfer and Women's empowerment: Does Bolsa Familia Influence intimate partner violence?
Litwin, A., Perova, E., & Reynolds, S. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112462 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Homicide and mental disorder in a region with a high homicide rate
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A questionnaire for measuring presence in virtual environments: factor analysis of the presence questionnaire and adaptation into Brazilian Portuguese
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A cross-cultural clinical comparison between subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder from the United States and Brazil
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O que funciona e o que não funciona para reduzir homicídios no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática
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Experimental Social Stress: Dopaminergic Receptors, Oxidative Stress, and c-Fos Protein Are Involved in Highly Aggressive Behavior
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Hybrid Methodology for Analysis of Structured and Unstructured Data to Support Decision-Making in Public Security
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Conditional cash transfers and adolescent mental health in Brazil: Evidence from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort
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A Time Trend Study of Swedish Male and Female Homicide Offenders from 1990 to 2010
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Physical Activity and Perceived Insecurity from Crime in Adults: A Population-Based Study
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Variation in youth and young adult homicide rates and their association with city characteristics in Latin America: the SALURBAL study
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Temporal and spatial trends of adult mortality in small areas of Brazil, 1980–2010
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Perinatal and sociodemographic factors at birth predicting conduct problems and violence to age 18 years: comparison of Brazilian and British birth cohorts
Murray, J., Maughan, B., Menezes, A. M. B., Hickman, M., Macleod, J., Matijasevich, A., Gonçalves, H., Anselmi, L., Gallo, E. A. G., & Barros, F. C. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12369 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Social comorbidities? A qualitative study mapping syndemic theory onto gender-based violence and co-occurring social phenomena among Brazilian women
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Association between resilience and posttraumatic stress disorder among Brazilian victims of urban violence: a cross-sectional case-control study
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Determinants of Crime in Nigeria from Economic and Socioeconomic Perspectives: A Macro-Level Analysis
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Internal Migration and Crime in Brazil
Egger, E. (2021) · Economic Development and Cultural Change · doi:10.1086/714740 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Latin American young NEETs: Brazil as a case study for systemic risks of youth social exclusion
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Mapping disparities in homicide trends across Brazil: 2000–2014
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Lifetime Syphilis Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Among Female Prisoners in Brazil
Santana, R. D. S., Kerr, L. R. F. S., Mota, R. M. S., Kendall, C., Rutherford, G. W., & McFarland, W. (2019) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000001113 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effects of the Pelotas (Brazil) Peace Pact on violence and crime: a synthetic control analysis
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‘Mommy, I miss daddy’. The effect of family structure on children's health in Brazil
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The association between cocaine product use and violence outcomes in Brazil: A comprehensive, systematized review
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Trends in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Prevalence, Outcomes, and Inequalities
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All-cause and cause-specific mortality during and following incarceration in Brazil: A retrospective cohort study
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Shared and unique predictors of antisocial and substance use behavior among a nationally representative sample of South African youth
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Family environment and depressive episode are associated with relapse after first‐episode psychosis
da Silva, A. H. S., de Freitas, L. A., Shuhama, R., Del‐Ben, C. M., Vedana, K. G. G., Martin, I. D. S., & Zanetti, A. C. G. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12735 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Histopathological detection of entry and exit holes in human skin wounds caused by firearms
Baptista, M. V., D'Ávila, S. C. G. P., & d'Ávila, A. M. M. P. (2014) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2014.04.017 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lethal Violence in Brazil: A Systematic Review of Portuguese-Language Literature From 2000 to 2020
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Violence and Local Development in Fortaleza, Brazil: A Spatial Regression Analysis
de Oliveira, V. H., de Medeiros, C. N., & Carvalho, J. R. (2017) · Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1007/s12061-017-9236-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Retaking the Path to Inclusion, Growth and Sustainability
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Life-course influences of poverty on violence and homicide: 30-year Brazilian birth cohort study
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Prevalência de hepatite B e fatores associados em internos de sistema prisional
Silva, A. A. D. S., de Araújo, T. M. E., Teles, S. A., Magalhães, R. D. L. B., & Andrade, E. M. L. R. (2017) · Acta Paulista de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1982-0194201700010 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Spatial Externalities of Income Inequality on Security in Latin America
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Effects of economic regional differences and family on adolescents’ aggressive behaviors: Perspective of ecosystem integration
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O médico diante da morte no pronto socorro
Aredes, J. D. S., Giacomin, K. C., & Firmo, J. O. A. (2018) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.11606/s1518-8787.2018052000296 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Personal and Venue Characteristics Associated With the Practice of Physical and Sexual Aggression in Brazilian Nightclubs
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Reward‐ and threat‐related neural function associated with risk and presence of depression in adolescents: a study using a composite risk score in Brazil
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Homicide Epidemic in Cali, Colombia: A Surveillance System Data Analysis, 1993‒2018
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Towards a Situated Spatial Epidemiology of Violence: A Placially-Informed Geospatial Analysis of Homicide in Alagoas, Brazil
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Impact of homicide and traffic crashes on life expectancy in the largest Latin American country
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Association between homicide rates and suicide rates: a countrywide longitudinal analysis of 5507 Brazilian municipalities
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Global burden and trends of firearm violence in 204 countries/territories from 1990 to 2019
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Personal, relational and school factors associated with involvement in fights with weapons among school-age youth in Brazil: a multilevel ecological approach
Peres, M. F. T., Azeredo, C. M., Rezende, L. F. M., Zucchi, E. M., França, I., Luiz, O. D. C., & Levy, R. B. (2018) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-018-1128-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Crime-associated inequality in geographical access to education: Insights from the municipality of Rio de Janeiro
Knoblauch, S., Muthusamy, R., Moritz, M., Kang, Y., Li, H., Lautenbach, S., Pereira, R. H. M., Biljecki, F., González, M. C., Barbosa, R. J., et al. (2025) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2025.105818 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fatores associados ao homicídio em Manaus, Amazonas, 2014
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Lifelong robbery victimisation and mental disorders at age 18 years: Brazilian population-based study
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COMT and prenatal maternal smoking in associations with conduct problems and crime: the Pelotas 1993 birth cohort study
Salatino‐Oliveira, A., Murray, J., Kieling, C., Genro, J. P., Polanczyk, G. V., Anselmi, L., Wehrmeister, F. C., Barros, F. C., Menezes, A. M. B., Rohde, L. A., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep29900 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Prevalencia de exposición a violencia directa e indirecta: un estudio con adolescentes de colegios públicos
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No Right to Share the City: Being Homeless in Rio de Janeiro during the FIFA World Cup
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Promoting active aging in Brazil: A longitudinal study of land use mix and utilitarian walking in older adults
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Are Mental Health, Family and Childhood Adversity, Substance Use and Conduct Problems Risk Factors for Offending in Autism?
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Design Approaches for Creating Person-Centered, Context Sensitive, and Sustainable Assistive Technology with the Global South
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Uneven state distribution of homicides in Brazil and their effect on life expectancy, 2000–2015: a cross-sectional mortality study
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Safety and Security at the Edges of the State
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Colour violence, deadly geographies, and the meanings of “race” in Brazil
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The Flow of Murder Cases Through the Criminal Justice System in a Brazilian City
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Decompressive Hemicraniectomies as a Damage Control Approach for Multilobar Firearm Projectile Injuries: A Single-Center Experience
Bertani, R., Koester, S. W., Perret, C. M., Pilon, B., Batista, S., Brocco, B., Barbosa, M., Maria, P. S., Zuben, D. D. O. V., Ferreira-Pinto, P. H. C., et al. (2022) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2022.10.059 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Does occupation moderate the association between domain-based physical activity and depressive symptoms?
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Mortality Among Over 6 Million Internal and International Migrants in Brazil: The Cidacs 100 Million Brazilian Cohort (2011-2018)
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Child maltreatment associates with violent victimization in young adulthood: a Brazilian birth cohort study
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Authors: Murray, J., Cerqueira, D. R. D. C., & Kahn, T.
Affiliations: University of Cambridge (GB)
Institute of Applied Economic Research (BR)
Corresponding author: Murray, Joseph
ORCID: Murray, Joseph
Cerqueira, Daniel Ricardo de Castro
Venue: Aggression and Violent Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-09
Volume: 18
Issue: 5
Pages: 471-483
ISSN: 1359-1789 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.003
PMC: PMC3763365
OpenAlex: W2144498450
Cited by: 232
References: 74
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7
FWCI: 6.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (vor)
Locations: Aggression and Violent Behavior (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust (089963/Z/09/Z)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
Social Sciences › Demography › Youth, Drugs, and Violence
Keywords: crime, violence, homicide, Brazil, temporal trends, risk factors, self-reported offending, school students, inequality, drug use, adolescent substance use, prison population, crime victimization

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Crime and violence in Brazil: Systematic review of time trends, prevalence rates and risk factors

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