The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Re-establishing Broca's initial findings
Open accessAbstract
The importance of the left inferior pre-frontal cortex (LIPC) for speech production was first popularized by Paul Broca, providing a cornerstone of behavioral neurology and laying the foundation for future research examining brain-behavior relationships. Although Broca's findings were rigorously challenged, comprehensive contradictory evidence was not published until 130years later. This evidence suggested that damage to left anterior insula was actually the best predictor of motor speech impairment. Using high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with chronic stroke, we reveal that LIPC involvement more accurately predicts acquired motor speech impairment than insula damage. Perfusion-weighted MRI provides complementary evidence, highlighting how damage to left inferior pre-frontal gyrus often includes insula involvement, and vice versa. Our findings suggest that Broca's initial conclusions associating acquired motor speech impairment with LIPC damage remain valid nearly 150years after his initial report on this issue.
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“In all cases, it is therefore difficult to determine which part of the lesion site is driving the observed behavioural effects”
From Damage to Broca’s area does not contribute to long-term speech production outcome after stroke (2021) · cites this paper as Richardson et al., 2012
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Hacquard, V. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.4
Stojnić, G., & Lepore, E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.20
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.002.0088
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.002.0006
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.002.0004
Roussel, P., Bocquelet, F., Chabardès, S., & Yvert, B. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586130
Discordant Wada and fMRI language lateralization: a case report
Peng, Y., Xu, J., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605241265338
Staples, R., Anderson, E. J., Dyslin, S. M., Laks, A. B., Friedman, R. B., DeMarco, A. T., & Turkeltaub, P. E. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.13.724881
Metadata
- Authors
- Richardson, J. D., Fillmore, P., Rorden, C., LaPointe, L. L., & Fridriksson, J.
- Affiliations
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Richardson, Jessica D.
- Venue
- Brain and Language
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 125-130
- ISSN
- 0093-934X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6659403
- OpenAlex
- W2137728507
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain and Language (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC008355, R01DC009571)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Voice and Speech Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Neurological and metabolic disorders
- Keywords
- Broca's area, motor speech disorders, chronic stroke, speech production, perfusion-weighted MRI, structural MRI, history of neurology, brain-behavior relationship
- MeSH terms
- Aphasia, Broca, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Stroke
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